哈尔滨市燃煤期PM10和PM2.5比对测试研究

哈尔滨市的地域性决定了气候非常具有代表性。以冬季特为明显,气温早晚温差大,气温低。再加上正是采暖期间,空气质量受供暖期等影响较大,空气质量不稳定。2013年冬季选择哈尔滨市燃煤期PM10和PM2.5比对测试研究分析,对市区内3个监测点位进行的颗粒物（PM10和PM2.5）手工采样与自动仪器的比对监测,以手工监测方法为基准,分析自动监测与手工监测的一致性,并对PM10和PM2.5浓度的比值关系进行了分析,结果表明：监测3个点位的PM10和PM2.5的浓度趋势具有很高的一致性,且以手工和自动数据进行线性回归的各项参数均符合技术规范（HJ 653-2013）的要求。     

微氧水解酸化处理石化废水的生物降解特性

本研究采用微氧水解酸化技术处理石化废水,以抑制硫酸盐的还原,减少硫化氢的产生.同时,通过与厌氧水解酸化的对比试验,研究了微氧水解酸化的生物降解特性.微氧反应器的ORP控制在(-290±71)m V,厌氧反应器的ORP为(-398±31)m V.反应器运行近7个月的结果表明,在进水COD为202~514 mg·L-1、硫酸根浓度为350~650 mg·L-1及HRT为12 h时,微氧水解酸化反应器COD的平均去除率为31.2%,高于厌氧水解酸化的26.4%.厌氧出水的VFA浓度((2.34±0.60)mmol·L-1)高于微氧出水((1.89±0.48)mmol·L-1).微氧出水的平均比紫外吸收值(UV254/DOC)为0.017,显著低于厌氧出水(0.025),表明微氧环境可以提高兼性水解酸化菌的生理代谢功能,强化难降解芳香有机物和含共轭双键大分子化合物的去除.微氧水解酸化出水的硫离子浓度((0.11±0.04)mg·L-1)显著低于厌氧出水((1.27±1.22)mg·L-1).454焦磷酸测序结果表明:微氧水解酸化菌群中,变形菌门、绿弯菌门和放线菌门菌群丰度(所占比例分别为39.7%、20.3%、1.9%)高于厌氧水解酸化菌群(分别为36.9%、17.5%、1.3%),对难降解大分子有机物的去除效果好;厌氧水解酸化菌群中拟杆菌门和酸杆菌门所占比例较大,酸化效果更好.在属的水平上,微氧水解酸化污泥中鉴定出的硫酸盐还原菌的种群多样性和丰度均低于厌氧污泥,这与其出水较低的硫离子浓度一致,表明微氧环境能够有效抑制硫酸盐还原菌的活性.上述研究结果表明,微氧水解酸化是一种很有前途的石化废水预处理技术.     

Comparison between UV and VUV photolysis for the pre- and post-treatment of coking wastewater

In this study, ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis were investigated for the pre-treatment and post-treatment of coking wastewater. First, 6-fold diluted raw coking wastewater was irradiated by UV and VUV. It was found that 15.9%–35.4% total organic carbon (TOC) was removed after 24 hr irradiation. The irradiated effluent could be degraded by the acclimated activated sludge. Even though the VUV photolysis removed more chemical oxygen demand (COD) than UV, the UV-irradiated effluent demonstrated better biodegradability. After 4 hr UV irradiation, the biological oxygen demand BOD₅/COD ratio of irradiated coking wastewater increased from 0.163 to 0.224, and its toxicity decreased to the greatest extent. Second, the biologically treated coking wastewater was irradiated by UV and VUV. Both of them were able to remove 37%–47% TOC within 8 hr irradiation. Compared to UV, VUV photolysis could significantly improve the transparency of the bio-treated effluent. VUV also reduced 7% more ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺–N), 17% more nitrite nitrogen (NO₂⁻–N), and 18% more total nitrogen (TN) than UV, producing 35% less nitrite nitrogen (NO₃⁻–N) as a result. In conclusion, UV irradiation was better in improving the biodegradability of coking wastewater, while VUV was more effective at photolyzing the residual organic compounds and inorganic N-species in the bio-treated effluent.     

基于玄武岩纤维载体的水体净化试验研究

简单介绍了玄武岩纤维的基本特性,以玄武岩纤维作为生物膜载体,用实际生活污水模拟黑臭河道水体,采用生物接触氧化工艺来处理净化,评价玄武岩纤维生物载体的性能,探索玄武岩纤维在水体净化中的应用。经过13 d连续运行,玄武岩纤维生物膜载体对COD和NH3-N去除率分别达到82.3%和46.8%,相比对照组分别提高了47.5%和107%,处理效果优良,但是TP的去除效果不理想,需要进一步改进,完善处理工艺。总体来说,玄武岩纤维在水体净化方面有着良好的发展前景。     

东江干流水体氮的时空变化特征及来源分析

为了防治东江氮污染并进行针对性水体治理,于2013年7月(丰水期)和2014年1月(枯水期)全面调查了东江干流水体氮的时空变化特征,并利用附生藻的稳定性氮同位素示踪技术对东江水体氮进行了溯源研究.结果表明,TN、NO-3-N、NH+4-N在丰水期的平均浓度分别为2.70、1.63、0.21 mg·L-1,高于枯水期(TN,2.04 mg·L-1;NO-3-N,1.49 mg·L-1;NH+4-N,0.31 mg·L-1);东江水体氮含量较高,且主要以NO-3-N形态存在.各形态氮浓度自上游至下游的变化趋势表现为,TN和NO-3-N先递减再升高,NH+4-N则逐渐递增.稳定性氮同位素示踪表明,面源输入的人畜粪便、养殖废水及农业化肥等是上游区域氮的主要来源,贡献率约占91%;而在下游区域,城市污水的贡献率逐渐增大,并成为氮的主要来源,贡献率达到54%.     

Pollutant removal by an integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland treating simulated river water by reoxygenation

The effects and mechanism of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus concentration removal by an integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland were studied in the wetland system during one inlet–outlet operating period, in two typical stages (each stage is connective 24 h, sampled once every 4 h). The concentration of ammonia decreased along the flow direction in the system, while levels of nitrate (NO₃^?-N) increased. In one operating period, total nitrogen (TN) concentration fell with rising operation time due to evacuative reoxygenation. The TN and NH₃-N removal rates in the system were 26.6% and 97.5%, respectively. COD decreased rapidly in the early stages and more gradually in the direction of water flow of the wetland system. Average total phosphorus (TP) removal rate was 20.71%. TN and NO₃^?-N levels in water of the wetland had a tendency to decline gradually with increasing operation time. Ammonia concentrations displayed only a small variation with operation time. The results also indicated that the wetland was able to maintain its temperature. The oxygen content differed during the various operating stages and exerted a marked influence on COD, TP, and TN removal.     

Short-term effects of real-time individual fine particulate matter exposure on lung function: a panel study in Zhuhai,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is still the primary air pollutant in most Chinese cities and its adverse effects on lung function have been widely...     

腐殖质对污泥厌氧消化的影响及其屏蔽方法

《巴黎气候协定》的签署意味着污水处理碳中和运行时代的来临,这就需要将剩余污泥尽可能最大程度地转化为可再生能源—甲烷(CH4).细胞破壁、木质纤维素破稳及腐殖质解抑制是提高污泥厌氧消化能源转化率的主要技术手段.相对于细胞与木质纤维素,腐殖质不仅结构更为复杂、自身难以生物降解,而且还会抑制其它有机物水解.虽然腐殖质亦有促进酸化、产氢/乙酸、产甲烷过程的微弱可能,但它对水解过程的抑制是肯定的、显著的、难以逆转的.因此,需要深入了解污泥中腐殖质来源、形成、结构及性质,综合分析它对污泥厌氧消化水解、酸化、产氢/乙酸、产甲烷阶段的各种影响,探讨消除腐殖质抑制水解过程的不同技术路径,重点描述外加金属离子对腐殖质的屏蔽作用.以期为提高污泥厌氧消化能源转化率制定可行的技术路线.     

镜泊湖浮游藻类功能群的演替特征及其影响因素

2013年5月、9月及10月采集了镜泊湖26个位点的浮游藻类,并对所采集的藻类进行了功能群划分.结果显示:镜泊湖的浮游藻类可以分为21个功能群,即C、D、F、G、H1、J、L_O、M、MP、N、P、S1、S2、S_N、T、W1、W2、X1、X2、X3、Y[限于篇幅,各功能群的代表性属（种）和生境特征见表 1].不同时期调查的藻类优势功能群存在明显差异,其中,D（适宜较浑浊的浅水水体）、J（适宜混合型高富营养浅水水体）、MP（适宜扰动频繁的浑浊型浅水水体）、X1（适宜混合程度较高的富营养浅水水体）在三次调查中的优势度均>0.02,成为镜泊湖的绝对优势功能群,镜泊湖藻类优势功能群不同时期的演替规律为5月的D+MP+X1+X2经9月的X1+P+MP+L_O+J转变成10月的X1+P+MP.CCA分析结果显示,镜泊湖藻类功能群分布受水环境因子影响较为明显.整体上,水温、ρ（DO）、SD、EC、ρ（COD_Mn）及ρ（NH₃-N）是影响镜泊湖藻类功能群分布格局的主要因素.