哈尔滨市一次大气污染过程及潜在源分析

本研究以2018年12月10~13日哈尔滨市一次严重的空气污染事件为研究对象,分析了此次污染过程的概况、成因以及污染的潜在源区.结果表明：此次空气污染过程以PM_2.5影响为主,污染类型由10日00：00~11日17：00的偏燃煤型发展为11日17：00~13日15：00的二次气溶胶复合污染,最终在13日15：00后稳定为偏燃煤型.从天气形势和风速风向分析可知此次10~13日的污染过程与不利气象扩散条件也是密不可分的.模拟的48h后向轨迹经过聚类分析主要分为4类,大部分来自内蒙古、吉林等方向,70.83%的轨迹PM_2.5超标,表明来自这些方向的污染气团对哈尔滨市的空气质量影响较大;而通过对模拟的48h后向轨迹进行PSCF、CWT分析,发现哈尔滨的WPSCF和WCWT分布特征类似,WPSCF和WCWT的高值主要集中在哈尔滨本地的双城、巴彦、阿城、吉林省的中部、西部地区等地区,以及大庆、绥化等地区,说明这些区域都是哈尔滨市PM_2.5的潜在源地.     

中宁枸杞土壤碳组分分布特征及其空间异质性

以中宁枸杞林地为研究区,采用100 m×100 m网格方式采集耕层土壤样品(0~20 cm)119个,利用经典统计和地统计相结合的方法对土壤碳组分空间变异性进行研究.经典统计表明土壤总碳、无机碳、有机碳、活性有机碳、中活性有机碳和高活性有机碳的平均含量分别为28.74、18.72、10.09、1.81、1.48和0.73 g·kg-1.总碳、无机碳变异系数分别为7.69%和9.13%,属弱变异.有机碳、活性有机碳、中活性有机碳和高活性有机碳变异系数介于14.77%~52.05%,呈中等变异性.地统计结果表明总碳和有机碳的块金值和基台值的比值分别为48.99%和34.35%,在空间上呈中等相关性.无机碳、活性有机碳、中活性有机碳和高活性有机碳块金值和基台值的比值分别为8.17%、0.25%、12.18%和0.08%,均小于25%,在空间上呈强烈的相关性.根据普通克里格插值图可以看出,土壤总碳、有机碳、中活性有机碳与高活性有机碳分布大致相似,从东南向西北方向逐渐升高.无机碳和活性有机碳在空间上呈现不规则岛状分布.     

喀斯特高原黄壤区退化植物群落常见植物叶片氮同位素组成

氮是植物需求量最大的矿质营养元素。由于氮循环诸过程中的化学转化、物理运输等都有可能使其发生同位素分馏,植物稳定氮同位素组成是土壤-植物-大气连续体综合作用的整体响应,能较好的反映流域内与植物生理生态过程相联系的一系列环境信息,具有示踪、整合和指示等多项功能。为探讨喀斯特环境下黄壤区植物稳定氮同位素组成变异的影响因素及其相关关系,以喀斯特高原贵州省清镇市王家寨峰丛洼地小流域为例,选取流域内黄壤区退化植物群落3种植被类型中的4种常见植物为研究对象,分别对其叶片C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg元素含量和稳定氮同位素进行了测定分析。结果表明:(1)研究区植物叶片δ~(15)N值的变化范围为-3. 25‰～0. 69‰,平均值为-1. 04‰,变异程度较高,离散程度较大,呈负偏态分布。(2)植物叶片δ~(15)N值在群落间和坡位间的差异均不显著(P0. 05);(3)植物叶片δ~(15)N值的种间变化趋势为小果蔷薇(-0. 03‰)火棘(-0. 24‰)过路黄(-1. 58‰)粉枝莓(-2. 29‰),差异显著(P0. 05)。(4)研究区植物叶片δ~(15)N值受群落类型和物种因素的交互影响显著(P=0. 016,R2=0. 870)。(5)研究区植物叶片δ~(15)N值受叶片K营养含量的影响较大,同时与C、N、P、K、Ca元素化学计量比之间的关系密切,叶片K、Ca营养含量间的调控是影响黄壤区植物叶片δ~(15)N值的主要因素。     

废水中对甲酚、硝酸盐和氨氮同步去除效能研究

含酚含氮废水的处理一直以来都是石油化工等行业关注重点之一.本研究采用UASB反应器,通过反硝化微生物与厌氧氨氧化微生物的耦合作用,成功实现了对甲酚、硝酸盐和氨氮的同步去除.在温度为30℃,进水pH为7.0,HRT为12 h,进水对甲酚、硝酸盐和氨氮浓度在75、78和91 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,3种污染物的去除率为95%、100%和73%以上,去除的硝酸盐和氨氮大部分转化为N_2,去除的对甲酚尚未矿化.当对甲酚、硝酸盐和氨氮的负荷为0.195、0.189和0.234 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)时,系统3种污染物的去除稳定在94%、75%和93%以上.微生物分析结果表明,门水平微生物主要有Chloroflexi、Planctomycetes、Acidobacteria、和Proteobacteria,属水平上Candidatus Kuenenia是主要的厌氧氨氧化微生物,Bacillus是主要的反硝化微生物,二者协同作用完成对甲酚、硝酸盐和氨氮的同步去除.     

Comparison of mixing layer height inversion algorithms using lidar and a pollution case study in Baoding, China

Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei area is suffering from atmospheric pollution from a long time. The understanding of the air pollution mechanism is of great importance for officials to design strategies for the environmental governance. Mixing layer height(MLH) is a key factor influencing the diffusion of air pollutants. It plays an important role on the evolution of heavy pollution events. Light detection and ranging(lidar), is an effective remote-sensing tool, which can retrieve high spatial and temporal evolution process within mixing layer(ML), especially the variation of MLH. There are many methods to retrieve MLH, but each method has its own applicable limitations. The Mie-lidar data in Beijing was firstly used to compare three different algorithms which are widely used under different pollution levels.We find that the multi-layer structure near surface may cause errors in the detection of mixing layer. The MLH retrieved based on image edge detection was better than another two methods especially under heavy polluted episode. Then we applied this method to investigate the evolution of the mixing layer height during a pollution episode in December2016. MLH at Gucheng county showed the positive correlation with the concentration of particulate matters during the start of this pollution episode. The elevated pollution level in Gucheng was not associated with MLH's decrease, and the significantly increased particulate matters raised the boundary layer, which trapped the pollutants near the surface.     

One-year survey of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens and free-living amoebae in the tap-water of one northern city of China

In this study, qPCR was used to quantify opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) and free-living amoebae in 11 tap water samples collected over four seasons from a city in northern China. Results demonstrated that the average numbers of gene copies of Legionella spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were significantly higher than those of Aeromonas spp. (p?<?0.05). Legionella spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were 100% (44/44) positively detected while P. aeruginosa and Aeromonas spp. were 79.54% (35/44) and 77.27% (34/44) positively detected. Legionella pneumophila was only detected in 4 samples (4/44), demonstrating its occasional occurrence. No Mycobacterium avium or Naegleria fowleri was detected in any of the samples. The average gene copy numbers of target OPPPs were the highest in summer, suggesting seasonal prevalence of OPPPs. Average gene copy numbers of OPPPs in the taps of low-use-frequency were higher than in taps of high-use-frequency, but the difference was not significant for some OPPPs (p?>?0.05). Moderate negative correlations between the chlorine concentration and the gene copy numbers of OPPPs were observed by Spearman analysis (r_s ranged from ? 0.311 to ? 0.710, p?<?0.05). However, no significant correlations existed between OPPPs and AOC, BDOC, or turbidity. Moderate positive correlations were observed between the target microorganisms, especially for Acanthamoeba spp., through Spearman analysis (p?<?0.05). Based on our studies, it is proposed that disinfectant concentration, season, taps with different-use frequency, OPPP species, and potential microbial correlations should be considered for control of OPPPs in tap water.     

基于GIS和受体模型的枸杞地土壤重金属空间分布特征及来源解析

通过测定"万亩枸杞示范园"119个表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品中重金属铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)和镉(Cd)含量,以宁夏土壤背景值为评价标准,利用单因子指数、内梅罗综合指数和潜在生态危险指数评价土壤重金属污染状况,借助绝对因子分析/多元线性回归受体模型(APCS-MLR)与地统计相结合的方法,对土壤重金属空间分布及来源进行分析.结果表明,Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn、Cu、Cr和Cd含量分别为34. 78、52. 376、83. 692、641. 114、38. 130、87. 257和0. 149 mg·kg~(-1),均低于国家土壤污染风险筛选值但超过了宁夏土壤背景值.内梅罗综合指数显示枸杞地81. 51%样点的土壤重金属呈现轻度污染,16. 81%样点呈现中度污染,1. 68%未受重金属污染.潜在生态危险复合指数表明,13. 45%样点表现为轻微生态风险,86. 55%样点表现为中等生态风险.枸杞地土壤重金属有4种主要来源:自然源、工业活动源、交通源和农业活动源,其中Ni和Cr的来源以自然源为主,贡献率分别为55. 49%和64. 66%,Pb和Mn的来源以工业活动源为主,贡献率分别为46. 93%和42. 53%,Zn和Cu的来源以交通源为主,贡献率分别为43. 51%和53. 71%,Cd的来源以农业活动源为主,贡献率为76. 79%.枸杞地土壤重金属含量明显受人类活动影响且来源复杂,应根据其贡献率加强控制,确保中宁枸杞土壤资源的可持续利用.     

Control of exhaled SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the interpersonal breathing microenvironment in a ventilated room with limited space air stability

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the importance of understanding and controlling the spread of the coronavirus between persons. We experimentally and numerically investigated an advanced engineering and environmental method on controlling the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the breathing microenvironment between two persons during interactive breathing process by combining the limited space air stability and a ventilation method. Experiments were carried out in a full-scale ventilated room with different limited space air stability conditions, i.e., stable condition, neutral condition and unstable condition. Two real humans were involved to conducted normal breathing process in the room and the exhaled carbon dioxide was used as the surrogate of infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from respiratory activities. A correspondent numerical model was established to visualize the temperature field and contaminated field in the test room. Results show that the performance of a ventilation system on removing infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from the interpersonal breathing microenvironment is dependent on the limited space air stability conditions. Appropriate ventilation method should be implemented based on an evaluation of the air condition. It is recommended that total volume ventilation methods are suitable for unstable and neutral conditions and local ventilation methods are preferable for stable conditions. This study provides an insight into the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols between persons in ventilated rooms with different limited space air stability conditions. Useful guidance has been provided to cope with COVID-19 in limited spaces.     

深圳大气PM2.5化学组成的长期变化特征

为分析深圳市大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度长期持续下降的原因,进而明确PM_2.5下一步减排潜力和精细化管理方向,本研究基于2019年在深圳市西乡点位采集的PM_2.5样品,分析了西乡PM_2.5的化学组成及季节分布特征.结果表明,2019年西乡点位PM_2.5年均浓度为29.4μg/m³,总体上呈现夏低冬高的季节特征,有机物（OM）和硫酸根（SO₄^2-）仍是主要的组分,分别占总质量的42.3%和17.6%.对2009、2014、2019年典型月份PM_2.5的组分进行对比,PM_2.5全年质量浓度从42.3μg/m³（2009年）下降至24.6μg/m^3.（2019年）,OM、SO₄^2-、硝酸根（NO₃^-）、铵根（NH₄⁺）和元素碳（EC）等都有明显的下降趋势.矿物质元素（Al、Ca）是地面扬尘和建筑尘的标识组分,近年来Al、Ca浓度的增加趋势表明宝安区西乡扬尘的影响在逐渐扩大.2009、2014、2019年OC/EC的值逐渐扩大,说明了一次燃烧源排放的影响逐渐减小,但二次有机物（SOC）的贡献逐渐凸显.通过分析2004、2009、2014、2019年夏、冬季PM_2.5中6种主要组分变化趋势,表明6种主要组分夏冬两季皆有下降趋势,但由于气象因素导致冬季污染物受到区域传输的影响较大,夏季各组分浓度的下降幅度普遍高于冬季.总体来说深圳市PM_2.5浓度持续下降的原因是深圳市对机动车、工业VOC （挥发性有机物）、远洋船舶以及一次燃烧源的管控和减排.     

化学还原氧化石墨烯修饰PbO2电极及催化降解酸性红G

为了提高Ti/PbO₂电极的稳定性与催化氧化能力,将化学还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）以共沉积的方法修饰于β-PbO₂层.通过扫描电镜（SEM）,X射线衍射仪（XRD）,循环伏安法（CV）,电化学交流阻抗（EIS）,产羟基自由基（·OH）能力,强化寿命等测试方法对电极性能进行表征,并以酸性红G（ARG）为目标降解物,评估PbO₂-RGO电极的催化效果.结果表明,电极经RGO改性后晶型仍为β-PbO₂,析氧过电位由1.60V升至1.83V,膜阻抗由144 Ω/cm²降至16.2 Ω/cm²,强化寿命提升了43.6%.通过ARG降解实验表明,改性后的PbO₂-RGO电极催化性能均有所提高,其中PbO₂-RGO（0.05）电极具有最优的催化能力,120min内对ARG的脱色率可达到98.5%,同时对COD的去除率可达76.89%.