硫酸盐还原菌处理含硫酸盐有机废水的原理及其应用

含硫酸盐有机废水多元污染物并存,严重影响水体生态环境,危害人体健康,是目前水污染控制领域面临的难题与关注的焦点。在目前所采用的生物法水处理中,硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)是降解该类废水的关键微生物。重点阐述了SRB处理含硫酸盐有机废水的原理和相关技术的研究进展,详细介绍了SRB的分类、相关检测技术及其在水处理领域的应用现状和存在的问题,并通过分析SRB在醇类、羧酸、烃类和大分子有机物降解方面的应用,指出将硫酸盐最终转化为单质硫并回收高纯度硫是SRB处理含硫酸盐有机废水今后的发展方向。     

分光光度法测定水中钒全量的改进

为了寻求一种快速、安全、检测精度高的水体重金属钒检测方法,采用分光光度法分别测定样品以3种不同的显色体系在不同波长条件下的吸光度值,比较3种方法的优缺点及适用性。研究结果表明,以体积比为1∶1的磷酸溶液作为显色剂,在波长为380 nm条件下,实验结果线性最好、偏差最小。该方法操作简单,精度高,对水体中钒全量的检测范围为50~500 mg/L,适用于水体中在一定范围内钒全量的测定。     

太湖入湖河流总氮与氨氮相关性特征分析研究

针对河流缺少总氮环境质量标准的问题,以太湖流域入湖河流历年多组实测监测数据为基础,选择总氮与氨氮两项指标,开展太湖入湖河流总氮与氨氮相关性研究,总结数据的潜在规律,为有效控制氮排放提供技术支撑.结果表明:氨氮和总氮浓度呈现明显的正相关性.不同水质类别河流中氨氮和总氮关系呈现不同特征,对于Ⅴ类和劣于Ⅴ类等污染较重水体,水体中氨氮形态存在的氮化合物占比较高;对于水质类别较好的水体,氮化合物以其它形态为主.太湖入湖河流以氨氮形态存在的氮化合物总体较高,太湖入湖河流新旧污染同时存在现象较明显.     

基于LMDI模型的乌鲁木齐工业废气排放影响因素研究

本文运用对数平均的LMDI 分解模型,选取工业SO₂、工业烟(粉)尘排放量作为污染物指标,将2006—2013 年,乌鲁木齐工业废气排放量影响因素分解为规模效应、结构效应、技术效应,考虑到技术效应机制的复杂性,进一步将技术效应细化为污染治理效应和清洁技术效应。研究结果表明:规模效应和结构效应增加乌鲁木齐工业废气排放,其中规模效应对工业废气排放量贡献率由2007 年的119.10%增加到2013 年的263.03%,结构效应对工业废气排放量的增加也起到一定的促进作用,但影响效果远低于规模效应,年贡献率均低于10%,技术效应阻碍工业废气排放的增加,贡献率由2007 年的-19.86%增加到2013 年的-172.50%。制造业和电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业废气排放量占工业废气排放总量的70% 左右,是乌鲁木齐工业废气污染的主要行业。清洁技术效应对SO₂ 的减排起促进作用,是阻碍工业SO₂ 排放量增加的主要因素。污染治理效应是工业烟(粉)尘的减排主要因素,说明目前乌鲁木齐工业烟(粉)尘的减排依赖于排放后的治理。     

简析页岩气开发对水资源的破坏

页岩气的开发主要采用水平井水力压裂的方法,压裂过程中压裂液的大量使用以及对返排压裂液的处理不当,会造成页岩气开发过程中对水资源的破坏,主要表现在导管破裂污染、返排液地面污染、大量消耗水资源等方面。通过总结对比返排压裂液的几种处理方法,认为废液处理后循环使用的方法在节约成本的同时,可最大程度地减小对水资源的破坏。     

桩土刚度比及布桩位置对桩身内力分布的影响研究

桩土刚度比及布桩位置直接影响抗滑桩的桩身内力分布及边坡加固效果。采用数值模拟的方法,考虑不同桩土刚度比和布桩位置,分别进行了计算分析。结果表明:(1)桩身剪力近似呈反"S"型分布,弯矩呈现向桩后的凸型分布,且桩身剪力和弯矩均随桩土刚度比的增加而增大,呈现先陡后缓的变化趋势;(2)桩位一定时,桩身正负最大剪力分别出现在桩身1/2和1/4高度位置,对应位置应加强抗剪箍筋的配置;桩身弯矩最大的位置出现在桩身1/3高度位置,即边坡滑带所在的位置,对应位置应加强抗弯钢筋的配置;(3)布桩于边坡中部及两侧时,加固后边坡的安全系数提高明显,桩身剪力和弯矩较大,而且对塑性区有明显的隔断作用。考虑到一般边坡中部的滑体厚度较深,在坡体中部位置布桩无论在技术上还是经济上都不太合适,因此,建议布桩于边坡中部两侧的位置,可取得较好的加固效果。     

Response of three dominant shrubs to soil water and groundwater along the oasis-desert ecotone in Northwest China

The ecotone from oasis to desert is an important area for combating sandy desertification. Three dominant desert shrubs (Nitraria tangutorum, Calligonuum mongolicum, Haloxylon ammodendrori) were selected in Minqin Oasis, Northwest China, to determine the groundwater level; soil water potential; and change of the three shrubs in density, coverage, and biomass along the natural and seminatural oasis-desert ecotone (ODE), respectively. The results indicated that traits of desert plant interaction with the topsoil water and groundwater depth along the ODE play an important role in generating complex desert vegetation spatial dynamics. Some natural desert plant species with shallow root systems will distribute themselves according to distribution of topsoil water. Thus, the distribution of Nitraria tangutorum had a decreasing trend in distribution along ODE. Calligonuum mongolicum occurs in different trends in natural and seminatural ODE due to utilizing groundwater as well as topsoil water. Some plant species with deep roots, such as Haloxylon ammodendron, will show more degradation near oases and will exhibit an ascending trend along ODE. Therefore, it is of primary importance to protect the integrity of groundwater depth in order to protect the stability of the oasis-desert ecotones. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Processing of copper converter slag for metal reclamation. Part I: Extraction and recovery of copper and cobalt.

Clean processing of copper converter slag to reclaim cobalt and copper could be a challenge. An innovative and environmentally sound approach for recovering valuable metals from such a slag has been developed in the present study. Curing the slag with strong sulphuric acid, without re-smelting or roasting as practiced currently in the industry, render it accessible to leaching, and more than 95% of cobalt and up to 90% of copper was extracted together with iron by water leaching, leaving silica behind in a residue. The copper in the leach liquor was recovered by cementation with iron and the dissolved iron crystallized as ferrous sulphate monohydrate. The cobalt in the mother-liquor rich in iron was recovered by either cementation or sulphide precipitation. Operation variables in the new process were also investigated and optimized.