Mitigating Groundwater Impacts of Residential Wells through Small‐Scale Distributed Storage in the Skagit River Basin

The exemption for groundwater wells for residential uses from the prior appropriations system, common in the western United States, has eroded in Washington State since about 2000 due to a series of legal cases. Water markets can allow the transfer of an existing water right, typically from an agricultural use, to compensate for the effect of a new residential well. But water must be legally and physically available in a way suitable to satisfy mitigation requirements. A recent court case in the Skagit basin in Northwestern Washington State has effectively halted residential development in rural areas of the basin because no suitable water rights are available to purchase for mitigation. This paper presents and examines the cost‐effectiveness of various water supply mitigation strategies. We find a small‐scale, distributed stream‐side storage system for augmenting instream flow purchased from downstream sources is relatively cost‐effective to mitigate against the effects of domestic groundwater use compared to more common alternatives. We consider transporting water to storage sites by both small‐gauge pipe and by truck. Overall, trucking water to stream‐side storage and release points tends to be more cost‐effective to mitigate against indoor‐use only given current subbasin housing densities, whereas piping for direct streamflow augmentation is more cost‐effective for higher mitigation needs associated with indoor and outdoor use and higher housing densities.     

水质模型科学性内涵的探讨

水质模型的科学性是其方法论上的重要问题,对数学模型科学性的理解将直接影响其在实际工作中的应用。本研究在国内外大量研究成果的基础上,从科学哲学的角度,对水质模型科学性的基本观点进行了总结和发展。研究认为,数学模型不是现实情况的简单复制,因此同时存在着机理性和经验性;数学模型的复杂程度应与能够获得的数据相对应,才能尽可能取得比较准确的预测结果;模型预测结果的不确定性不可避免;而模型的最终相似性为数学模型应用的合理性提供了一定的依据。对数学模型科学性的客观理解,将更好地指导水质模型在环境决策中的应用。     

电化学氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

随着工业和城市的发展,难生物降解的有机物种类与数量日益增加,电催化氧化技术由于其对有机物具有特殊的降解机理和能力,被水处理界寄予厚望。本研究利用电化学氧化技术,以气体扩散电极为阴极,不锈钢板为阳极,向电解槽中通入空气,改变反应条件,对垃圾渗滤液进行了降解研究。最佳工艺条件为：电流密度=30mA·cm^-2、电极距d=2 cm、pH=3.5、[Cl^-]=6000 mg·L^-1、投加的FeSO4.H2O=0.80 g,在此条件下废水CODcr去除率达75.62%。     

Mechanism studies on nitrogen removal when treating ammonium-rich leachate by sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The nitrogen removal mechanism was studied and analyzed when treating the ammonium-rich landfill leachate by a set of sequencing batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs), which was designed independently. At the liquid temperature of (32 ± 0.4)°C, and after a 58-days domestication period and a 33-days stabilization period, the efficiency of ammonium removal in the SBBR went up to 95%. Highly frequent intermittent aeration suppressed the activity of nitratebacteria, and also eliminated the influence on the activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) bacteria and nitritebacteria. This influence was caused by the accumulation of nitrous acid and the undulation of pH. During the aeration stage, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was controlled at 1.2–1.4 mg/L. The nitritebacteria became dominant and nitrite accumulated gradually. During the anoxic stage, along with the concentration debasement of the dissolved oxygen, ANAMMOX bacteria became dominant; then, the nitrite that was accumulated in the aeration stage was wiped off with ammonium simultaneously.     

杀虫剂敌敌畏对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性影响

采用静态换水法研究了杀虫剂敌敌畏（dichlorvos，DDVP）对黑眶蟾蜍（Bufo melanostictus）蝌蚪的急性毒性和生长发育、生理活动的影响．结果表明，DDVP对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的96h半数致死浓度（LC50，96h）为51．61mg／L．暴露于2．24mg／L的DDVP溶液中10d和20d，蝌蚪的体长日增长率分别降低24．9％和9．5％，并引起黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪酯酶同工酶（EST）酶带数和强弱发生改变，抑制了蝌蚪的酯酶同工酶活性，而超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）比活受到的影响相对较小．暴露于6．72mg／L的DDVP溶液中10d和20d，蝌蚪的体长日增长率分别降低27．0％和38．8％，酯酶同工酶（EST）酶带的强弱发生明显的改变，SOD酶比活明显低于对照组．说明杀虫剂敌敌畏对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪可造成一定的毒性影响．图2表4参22     

铁(Ⅲ)-丙酮酸盐配合物光解引发水中铬(Ⅵ)还原

初步研究了含有Fe(Ⅲ)及丙酮酸盐的溶液在高压汞灯照射下对铬(Ⅵ)的光还原反应．考察了溶液pH值、Fe(Ⅲ)浓度、丙酮酸钠浓度、Cr(Ⅵ)浓度对反应的影响．分析了光还原反应的动力学及反应机制．结果表明：铁-丙酮酸盐体系能光还原Cr(Ⅵ)；最佳pH为3．0；Cr(Ⅵ)光还原的初始速率随着加入的铁(Ⅲ)、丙酮酸盐、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的增加而增加；实验条件下的表观动力学方程为：-dGCr(Ⅵ)／dt=0．021[Cr(Ⅵ)]0.39[Fe(Ⅲ)r1.05[CH3COCOONa]0.39；Fe(Ⅲ)-丙酮酸盐配合物光解产生的Fe(Ⅱ)是Cr(Ⅵ)的主要还原剂．     

Fluorescence fingerprints to monitor total trihalomethanes and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potentials in water

Water samples from 56 lakes of Missouri, USA, were analysed for their fluorescence excitation/emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy and the formation potentials of total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Comparing the excitation/emission matrix fingerprints with trihalomethanes formation revealed that water with higher fluorescence intensity generally exhibited higher trihalomethanes formation potential. Moreover, waters with fluorescence centre at excitation: 290–310 nm/emission: 330–350 nm were related to high N-nitrosodimethylamine and trihalomethanes formation potentials. The results suggest that excitation/emission matrix fingerprints could be used as surrogate parameters for monitoring trihalomethanes and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potentials.     

蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的发光菌快速检测

本文建立了一种用发光细菌快速检测蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的方法，以３％ＮａＣｌ（Ｗ／Ｖ）溶液从蔬菜中洗涤出残留的农药，加入定量发光菌溶液，通过其发光量的变化来检测农药的含量。分析了发光菌对蔬菜中六种有机磷农药的响应情况，探讨了检测空心菜中甲胺磷农药残留的最佳参数，实验表明，新建立的方法是检测蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的一种快速有效，价廉的方法。     

猪场废弃物强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的试验研究

通过组织5个猪场废弃物堆肥试验，度量温度、表观性状、体积、重量损失、全氮、全磷、大肠杆菌值、蛔虫卵杀灭率和发芽指数等指标，检验了开发的强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的性能。结果表明，除起始含水率为80％试验堆体因起始含水率过高导致发生厌氧反应外，其余4个堆体均实现堆肥无害化、减量化、稳定化和资源化的处理目标；堆肥温度维持50℃以上5—7d，或55℃以上3d是大肠杆菌值达到国家粪便无害化卫生标准的必要条件；堆肥过程能有效脱除堆料的生物毒性，后腐熟阶段是必需阶段；氮、磷、钾等主要营养元素在堆肥前后呈现“浓缩效应”。因此，堆肥化能提高猪场废弃物肥效和利用价值。     

改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中的PH_3

通过钢瓶配气模拟和气相色谱GC-14C测定的方法,研究了改性活性炭吸附净化黄磷尾气中PH3的相关问题。得到了吸附反应的最佳吸附温度、氧含量、气体流量、改性液浓度、活性炭粒径和焙烧温度。再生方法可行,可通过再生液回收磷酸。热重差热分析和孔径分布初步证明吸附质为磷和磷氧化物。