西北地区可持续发展应注意的主要问题与对策

本文在分析西北地区社会、经济及自然状况的基础上 ,着重从资源与环境方面指出该地区可持续发展应注意的主要问题 ,并针对这些问题 ,提出以可持续发展为目标的资源、环境策略。     

长江中游水沙灾害形成机理研究

对长江中游泥沙输移规律进行了综合分析,建立了螺山至汉口河段和洞庭湖区泥沙淤积比霽与三口分沙比λS之间的定量关系.通过分析得知.洞庭湖区和螺山至汉口河段各时期多年平均泥沙淤积总量基本保持在180×106t,分沙比的减小调整了上述河段与洞庭湖区之间的淤积关系,使洞庭湖区减少淤积的泥沙转移到上述河段淤积.在此基础上对长江中游泥沙淤积与该区域水位抬高进行了计算分析.文章指出,长江中游防洪的核心是如何正确处理宜昌每年多来的180×106t泥沙淤积问题.     

The Cost of Co-viability in the Australian Northern Prawn Fishery

Fisheries management must address multiple, often conflicting objectives in a highly uncertain context. In particular, while the bio-economic performance of trawl fisheries is subject to high levels of biological and economic uncertainty, the impact of trawling on broader biodiversity is also a major concern for their management. The purpose of this study is to propose an analytical framework to formally assess the trade-offs associated with balancing biological, economic and non-target species conservation objectives. We use the Australian Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF), which is one of the most valuable federally managed commercial fisheries in Australia, as a case study. We develop a stochastic co-viability assessment of the fishery under multiple management objectives. Results show that, due to the variability in the interactions between the fishery and the ecosystem, current management strategies are characterized by biological and economic risks. Results highlight the trade-offs between respecting biological, economic and non-target species conservation constraints at each point in time with a high probability and maximizing the net present value of the fishery.     

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) distribution and effect factors in the water and sediment of the Yellow River Estuary, China

The distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was investigated in a total of 15 water and sediment samples from the Yellow River Estuary, China in April 2011. The results indicated that the concentrations of PFOS in the water and sediment samples averaged 157.5 ng/L and 198.8 ng/g and ranged from 82.30 to 261.8 ng/L and 75.48 to 457.0 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of PFOS in the sediment column increased from 45.32 to 379.98 ng/g with the decrease of the sampling depth, which showed that the increased PFOS pollution in the sediment appeared in this region in over recent years. The distribution coefficient (K _d) of PFOS between water and sediment linearly increased from 0.37 to 4.80 L/g as the salinity (S‰) increased from 0.18 to 4.47. Correlation analysis revealed that K _d was significantly and positively correlated to the contents of total organic carbon and clay of the sediment, and salinity. Therefore, salinity was an important parameter in controlling the sediment–water interactions and the fate or transport of PFOS in the aquatic environment. The results of this study showed that the estuary was an important sink for PFOS and suggested that PFOS might be carried with the river water and transported for long distances before it reached to the sea and largely scavenged to the sediment in the estuaries due to the change in salinity.     

电解后处理法与传统后处理法生产人造金刚石对比分析

传统的金刚石生产中提纯工艺采用大量的硝酸、硫酸和盐酸进行处理,会产生大量的有害气体、含酸废水和含有大量镍等重金属离子的废弃物,既浪费资源义对环境造成严重污染.通过实验在生产工艺中增加了电解工序,把电解工序应用于酸煮去杂工序之前,用电化学的方法回收80%以上的金属镍,提高了后处理效率,达到在生产过程中控制和减少污染物的产生,从源头上减少化工原料的投入和使用.以年产18亿克拉人造金刚石企业为个案,对比了粉体触媒法合成高品级人造金刚石生产中用电解法后处理与传统的酸煮法后处理2种工艺中污染物产生、处理费用和效益.结果表明,与传统的酸煮法后处理2种工艺相比,电解法后处理工艺可使混合酸(硝酸、硫酸和盐酸)用量减少11 400 t/a,含镍污泥产生量减少2 250 t/a,生产废水排放量减少10.05万m3/a,氢氧化钠(30%)用量减少1 300 t/a,新鲜水用量减少16万m3/a,而用电量和柴油用量分别增加1 000万kWh/a和200 t/a,由此年创利润916万元.     

中国地震应急地区系数的初步研究

首先探讨了地震应急地区系数的概念,认为地震应急地区系数是描述各地区在遭受同等强度地震打击时,所表现出来的应急紧迫性、应急重要性和应急救援强度的大小的指标;然后提取了影响地震应急地区系数的因素;继而建立了地区系数的评价指标体系和评价方法;最后,以地市级行政单元为例,计算出全国各地市的地区系数,并分析了其空间分布特征。结果表明,我国各地市地区系数的地域差异明显,东南部地区明显高于西北部地区;高值主要集中于华北平原、东南沿海和四川盆地等地区的地市。     

Hydrothermal fabrication and visible-light-driven photocatalytic properties of bismuth vanadate with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures for Methyl Orange degradation

Monoclinic BiVO₄ with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures were fabricated using the hydrothermal strategy. The materials were characterized by means of the XRD, Raman, TGA/DSC, SEM, XPS, and UV-Vis techniques. The photocatalytic activities of the BiVO₄ materials were evaluated for the degradation of Methyl Orange under visible-light irradiation. It is observed that pH value and surfactant exerted a great effect on the morphology and pore structure of the BiVO₄ product. Spherical BiVO₄ with porous structures, flower-cluster-like BiVO₄, and flower-bundle-like BiVO₄ were generated hydrothermally at 100℃ with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and urea (pH = 2) and at 160℃ with NaHCO₃ (pH = 7 and 8), respectively. The PVP-derived BiVO₄ showed much higher surface areas (5.0-8.4 m²/g) and narrower bandgap energies (2.45-2.49 eV). The best photocatalytic performance of the spherical BiVO₄ material with a surface area of 8.4 m²/g was associated with its higher surface area, narrower bandgap energy, higher surface oxygen vacancy density, and unique porous architecture.     

Design and demonstration of a next-generation air quality attainment assessment system for PM2.5 and O3

Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition (SMAT-CE) is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O₃ and PM_2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM_2.5 and 8-hour O₃ for a proposed emission control policy.     

厦门市海水浴场泳季水质状况分析与污染防治对策

为调查厦门市海水浴场泳季水质状况,并为监测管理工作提出对策建议,根据１９９７．５－１０月对厦门市３处有代表性的沙滩海水浴场主要水质指标,如粪大肠菌群（ＦＣ）、ＤＯ、ＳＳ及石油类等的监测分析,确认ＦＣ为主要污染因子,因其含量单次测值差差异十分显著,采用数理统计方法研究其含亘的时空分布及变化,研究表明,３浴场水质状况基本符合本市潮间带功能区划的相应要求,建议加强对沙滩浴场的综合整治和陆源污水排海方式的     

南淝河底泥中氮磷空间分布规律及污染评价

为了研究合肥市南淝河底泥中总氮、总磷的污染状况,在南淝河及支流选取22个取样断面采集底泥柱状样,并分别利用碱性过硫酸钾消化紫外比色法和酸性过硫酸钾消化接钼锑抗比色法对总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量进行测定,并分析其空间分布规律。研究结果表明:南淝河底泥中氮、磷的含量随着深度的增加而减小,且总氮和总磷的各级断面上的含量与《全国河流湖泊水库底泥污染状况调查评价》研究报告中的数据相比,含量明显全国平均水平,属于生态危险区。