Mitigation effects of silicon rich amendments on heavy metal accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted on multi-metal contaminated acidic soil

The mechanisms of stabilization by silicon-rich amendments of cadmium, zinc, copper and lead in a multi-metal contaminated acidic soil and the mitigation of metal accumulation in rice were investigated in this study. The results from a pot experiment indicated that the application of fly ash (20 and 40 g kg⁻¹) and steel slag (3 and 6 g kg⁻¹) increased soil pH from 4.0 to 5.0-6.4, decreased the phytoavailability of heavy metals by at least 60%, and further suppressed metal uptake by rice. Diffusion gradient in thin-film measurement showed the heavy metal diffusion fluxes from soil to solution decreased by greater than 84% after remediation. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the mobile metals were mainly deposited as their silicates, phosphates and hydroxides in amended treatments. Moreover, it was found metal translocation from stem to leaf was dramatically restrained by adding amendments, which might be due to the increase of silicon concentration and co-precipitation with heavy metals in stem. Finally, a field experiment showed the trace element concentrations in polished rice treated with amendments complied with the food safety standards of China. These results demonstrated fly ash and steel slag could be effective in mitigating heavy metal accumulation in rice grown on multi-metal contaminated acidic soils.     

The flavo-enzyme xanthine oxidase is under circadian control in the marine alga Gonyaulax

The activity of xanthine oxidoreductases (xanthine oxidase, XO, EC 1.2.3.2 and xanthine dehydrogenase, XDH, EC 1.1.1.204) in partially purified extracts of Gonyaulax polyedra was measured over 24 h both in a light:dark cycle and in constant light. This is the first demonstration of xanthine oxidoreductase in a unicellular alga. The activity of the O₂-dependent form (XO) was found to be 15 times higher in light than in darkness. The same time-of-day specific differences persisted in constant light, demonstrating a control of XO by the circadian clock. In contrast, the activity of the NAD-dependent form (XDH) is not under circadian control. Because pharmacological inhibition of XO also blocks the effect of blue light on the Gonyaulax circadian clock, the possible relationship between XO and light reception in this unicellular alga will be discussed.     

脉冲电弧液相放电等离子体污水消毒灭菌

采用某污水厂的出水,利用脉冲电弧液相放电等离子体技术,研究了放电脉冲次数、放电电压、放电极间距对大肠杆菌灭杀的影响。结果表明:随着放电脉冲次数的增加,灭菌率升高。当放电脉冲次数为400时,灭菌率高达99.1%。随着放电电压的升高,大肠杆菌的去除率升高,其中电压为3 kV最高,灭菌率为96.7%。在相同的电压下,放电极间距越小,灭菌效率越高,放电间距0.5 mm时最佳。利用扫描电镜观察等离子体处理前后大肠杆菌细胞的形貌变化,并根据灭菌的结果对等离子体的灭菌机理进行了分析,发现了灭菌消毒与等离子体中所含的活性粒子成分有密切的关系。     

桩土刚度比及布桩位置对桩身内力分布的影响研究

桩土刚度比及布桩位置直接影响抗滑桩的桩身内力分布及边坡加固效果。采用数值模拟的方法,考虑不同桩土刚度比和布桩位置,分别进行了计算分析。结果表明:(1)桩身剪力近似呈反"S"型分布,弯矩呈现向桩后的凸型分布,且桩身剪力和弯矩均随桩土刚度比的增加而增大,呈现先陡后缓的变化趋势;(2)桩位一定时,桩身正负最大剪力分别出现在桩身1/2和1/4高度位置,对应位置应加强抗剪箍筋的配置;桩身弯矩最大的位置出现在桩身1/3高度位置,即边坡滑带所在的位置,对应位置应加强抗弯钢筋的配置;(3)布桩于边坡中部及两侧时,加固后边坡的安全系数提高明显,桩身剪力和弯矩较大,而且对塑性区有明显的隔断作用。考虑到一般边坡中部的滑体厚度较深,在坡体中部位置布桩无论在技术上还是经济上都不太合适,因此,建议布桩于边坡中部两侧的位置,可取得较好的加固效果。     

大型复杂采空区空间结构演化规律研究

随着地下矿山开采活动的进行,采空区已成为影响矿山安全的主要隐患之一。以某铜锌矿为背景,利用VS150空区精密探测系统对采空区进行精密探测,采用VoidScan-Geomagic-3Dmine耦合技术,分别建立了研究时段与设计时段采空区三维精细模型,进而对比分析了采空区空间结构演化过程,采用3Dmine-Midas GTS NXFLAC~(3D)耦合的数值模拟技术,结合矿区实际生产情况对设计时段空区进行数值模拟分析,并对空区空间结构演化过程中位移场、应力场及塑性区进行系统的研究,确定了空区顶板及围岩的稳定程度,并进一步揭示了未来时段空区的演化趋势。数值模拟结果与现场实测工作结果相吻合,研究结果为采空区后续的安全治理提供了科学依据。     

环境对某型飞机典型结构部位疲劳寿命影响分析

目的 研究环境对飞机典型结构部位疲劳寿命的影响。方法 选取某型机机身连接壁板、机翼壁板、机翼内部大梁结构、平尾接头及垂尾接头的典型模拟件为研究对象,开展实验室加速腐蚀与随机载荷谱交替试验、载荷谱疲劳试验,分析环境对典型结构部位模拟件表面涂层损伤、疲劳断裂位置、疲劳源及中值寿命的影响,建立环境对结构部位疲劳寿命影响关系。结果 采用载荷作用后结构部位模拟件疲劳中值寿命与加速腐蚀环境-疲劳寿命后试样的疲劳中值寿命比值,估算环境对结构部位模拟件疲劳寿命的影响,比值k=1.2~2.5,且比值k越大,说明环境对试样的疲劳寿命影响越大。结论 采用载荷作用后结构部位模拟件疲劳中值寿命与加速环境-疲劳寿命后试样的疲劳中值寿命比值,可初步估算环境对结构部位模拟件疲劳寿命的影响,且试验结果表明,外部环境较内部环境对试样疲劳寿命的影响更大。     

河北省地表水重金属污染状况分析简

通过对近几年水体中重金属检出率和超标率变化的分析、重金属的环境健康风险评价等对河北省地表水进行研究,研究结果表明：河北省地表水重金属污染虽然总体呈好转趋势,但仍然存在环境健康风险。由此分析了河北省地表水污染原因主要有地表径流少、企业排污等,进一步提出了建立有效的预防机制、加强环境监管能力等对策建议。     

Prevalence of drink-driving among adults in China: A nationally representative survey in 2010

Objective: We examined the prevalence of and characteristics associated with drink-driving in China. We compared this study's drink-driving findings with those from the United States to explore how effective traffic safety interventions from Western cultures might be adapted for use in China.

Methods: Data from the 2010 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Survey were analyzed to describe the prevalence and characteristics associated with drink-driving in China.

Results: Overall, 1.5% of Chinese adults reported drink-driving in the past 30 days—3% of males and 0.1% of females. However, among males who had driven a vehicle in the past 30 days and consumed at least one alcoholic beverage in the past 30 days, 19% reported drink-driving during the 30-day period. Excessive drinking, binge drinking, nonuse of seat belts, and having been injured in a road traffic crash in the past year were most strongly associated with drink-driving among males.

Conclusions: Drink-driving is prevalent among male drivers in China. Although large differences exist between China and the United States in the proportion of adults who drive, the proportion who consume alcohol, and some of the personal characteristics of those who drink and drive, similarities between the 2 countries are present in patterns of risk behaviors among drink-driving. To reduce injuries and deaths from drink-driving, effective interventions from Western cultures need to be tailored for adoption in China.     

纤维素酶的研究进展

利用微生物降解纤维素是当前处理纤维素废弃物最有效的方法。文章对此方面的研究情况作了系统的汇总，阐述了3种不同的纤维素酶（C1酶、Cx酶，纤维二糖酶）的提取，性质及测定方法，分析了现有研究中存在的问题，并对今后的研究趋势作了预测和展望。     

生物塘-人工湿地工艺去除农田灌溉水中镉污染的效果

通过野外大田试验,探讨了生物塘-人工湿地工艺去除农田灌溉水中Cd污染的效果,并进一步分析了水力停留时间对Cd净化效果的影响及净化效果的日变化规律。结果表明:试验区灌溉水中全量Cd平均浓度为13.92 μg/L,是GB 5084—2005《农田灌溉水质标准》中Cd浓度限值的1.39倍,且以溶解态Cd为主,约占77.8%;经生物塘-人工湿地工艺处理后全量Cd平均去除率为42.0%,出水达标天数率为85.2%;组合工艺的Cd去除率随水力停留时间的延长呈先升高后降低趋势,最佳停留时间约为19 h;生物塘和人工湿地的Cd去除率日变化规律均呈早晚低、中午高的单峰曲线,Cd最大去除率出现在13:00左右。