生物硝化池污水中硝化细菌的快速定量研究

实验采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术与最大几率数法（MPN）相结合的MPN－PCR法对生物硝化池污水中的硝化细菌进行快速定量。所用的一对PCR引物是在对硝化细菌的16SrRNA基因进行系统比较的基础上设计合成的，可以扩增出大小为388bp的DNA片段。以从生物硝化池污水中抽提的含硝化细菌DNA的混合DNA为模板，进行PCR扩增并确定合适的扩增条件。运用MPN－PCR法进行定量检测的整个过程可在几小时之内完成。     

中国产品生命周期影响评价方法研究

讨论了确定中国产品生命周期影响评价所需的标准化基准和权重的确定方法和程序，包括产品系统环境影响潜值计算，数据标准化，加权评估 以及计算环境影响负荷和资源耗竭系数4个步骤。标准化基准采用1990年中国人均环境影响总潜值来表达，而权重采用1990年的基准与2000年中国政府的削减目标所估算的基准之间的比值计算。     

电解制备聚合铝过程中Alb形态生成条件研究

考察了电解法制备聚合铝过程中AIb的最佳形成条件。AIb的形成与电流密度、极板间距、电解液的温度、铝的浓度以及电解时间等因素有关。在制备AI浓度为2．0mol/L的聚合氯化铝时，最佳的电流密度和极板间距分别为1．1A／dm^2和10mm。由于电化学过程中产生的不均匀的界面pH差值较大而生成较多的AI（OH）4^-作为AIb结构的结晶核心，因此能形成更多的AIb聚合形态。     

甲硫醚废气制取二甲基亚砜技术研究

选择双氧水作氧化剂，将具有恶臭气味的涕灭威生产的副产物甲硫醚氧化成无臭的二甲基亚砜。通过实验，优化了工艺条件，减少了安全隐患，提高了二甲基亚砜的产率，消除了恶臭污染。     

Sustainable resource management coupled to resilient germplasm to provide new intensive cereal–grain–legume–livestock systems in the dry savanna

Sustainable resource management is the critical agricultural research and development challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. The accumulated knowledge on soil management gathered over the last 10 years, combined with solid crop improvement and plant health research at farmers’ level, has brought us to a stage where we can now address with confidence the intensification of cereal–grain–legume-based cropping systems in the dry savanna of West Africa in a sustainable and environmentally positive manner.Two sustainable farming systems that greatly enhance the productivity and sustainability of integrated livestock systems have been developed and implemented in the dry savanna of Nigeria. These are: (i) maize (Zea mays L.)–promiscuous soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotations that combine high nitrogen fixation and the ability to kill large numbers of Striga hermonthica seeds in the soil; and (ii) miflet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaerth] and dual-purpose cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Improvement of the cropping systems in the dry savanna has been driven by the adoption of promiscuously nodulating soybean varieties (in particular TGx 1448-2E) and dual-purpose cowpea. The rate of adoption is very high, even in the absence of an efficient seed distribution system. The number of farmers cultivating the improved varieties increased by 228% during the last 3 years. Increased production of promiscuous soybean has been stimulated by increased demand from industries and home utilization. Production in Nigeria was estimated at 405,000 t in 1999 compared to less than 60,000 t in 1984. Economic analysis of these systems shows already an increase of 50–70% in the gross incomes of adopting farmers compared to those still following the current practices, mainly continuous maize cultivation. Furthermore, increases in legume areas of 10% in Nigeria (about 30,000 ha in the northern Guinea savanna) and increases of 20% in yield have translated into additional fixed nitrogen valued annually at US$ 44 million. This reflects, at the same time, an equivalent increase in land-use productivity, and with further spread of the improved crops, there are excellent prospects for additional economic and environmental benefits from a very large recommendation domain across West Africa.     

上海市大气气溶胶中铂元素污染状况调查

为调查上海市大气气溶胶中铂元素的污染状况,用PM10-2型可吸入颗粒物采样器采集了上海市大气气溶胶样品,采样时间分别为2003-12～2005-12.用微波消解密闭系统消解样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了大气气溶胶中Pt的含量.分析结果表明,同清洁对照点((0.65±0.16)pg·m-3)相比,上海市中心区大气中Pt((1.69±0.93)pg·m-3)的污染是明显的;装有三元催化转化器的汽车尾气中Pt的含量均在100ng·g-1以上,远远高于大气气溶胶样品(人民广场平均值21.7ng·g-1);不同交通密度区Pt含量分析结果表明,Pt含量与交通密度紧密相关,这说明装有三元催化器的汽车尾气是气溶胶中Pt污染的主要来源;此外,上海市大气气溶胶中Pt呈现季节性变化,并受气象条件影响.同世界其它城市相比,上海市气溶胶中铂元素污染程度还较低,但是这种潜在的重金属污染应该引起重视.     

混凝研究中的界面过程化学:IPF-颗粒物-水溶液的相互作用

仅以IPF 颗粒物 水溶液的相互作用为例 ,对混凝研究中二界面过程化学领域的进展加以介绍 .研究结果表明 ,经过预制的聚合铝在混凝过程中表现出较好的形态稳定性 ,而传统混凝剂则强烈地受溶液化学过程 ,尤其是溶液pH值的影响 .混凝剂水解聚合形态倾向于在颗粒物表面吸附沉积 ,而直接引发混凝作用 .单体形态则通过转化为聚合、沉淀形态起混凝作用     

氯化钠抑制下乙酸厌氧降解的动力学模型

作者利用五个实验室规模的完全混合反应器进行较长时间的半连续培养,研究在氯化钠抑制下乙酸盐的厌氧降解。结果表明,在不同条件下运行的反应器内,存在优势菌群的显著差异,因此在不同条件下运行的反应器对抑制有不同的响应。作者引入抑制因子的概念,建立了在氯化钠抑制下乙酸厌氧降解的动力学模型。同时指出反应器运行条件与菌群组成的联系以及菌群组成的差别对反应器运行状况的影响,在废水生物处理的动力学模型研究中应给予足够的重视。     

浮游生物对天然海水中BHC农药残留量的浓缩作用研究

通过厦门邻近水域浮游生物对海水中BHC农药残留量的浓缩研究,发现该浓缩系数呈正态分布,中心趋势为318±116。在近岸海域,沿岸种类的浮游生物的浓缩系数受海水温度和盐度的明显影响。盐度在25—32‰情况下,浓缩系数与温度呈完全正相关;盐度是影响浓缩系数的敏感因素,pH值则是盐度影响的限定因素。在温度和pH值恒定条件下,浓缩系数与盐度呈明显负相关;pH值(8.00—8.50)的变化未表现出对浓缩系数的明显影响。