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131.
Jürgen Maguhn Andrea Wimschneider Raimund Brotsack Peter Spitzauer Dieter Freitag Antonius Kettrup 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2000,12(5):259-268
The airborne immissions in the eastern surroundings to the new Munich airport have been investigated by means of different analytical methods between 1992 and 1995. For a detection of environmental impacts, bioindicators were applied to determine the pollution by PAH and to quantify the pollution by photooxidants. In addition, the PAH content in the upper soil layer was determined. During high pressure weather periods in summer the actual air pollution was investigated in the course of seven measuring campaigns. The PAH pollution of the soil is typical for rural background sites with highest concentrations in the close vicinity of busy roads, and exhibits no temporary trend. The actual input of PAH does not differ from the typical situation of rural regions in Bavaria at any measuring sites at all. Road traffic can be identified as the main PAH source in summer, whereas the considerably higher pollution in winter can be related to domestic heating. The pollution by photooxidants was found to be rather homogeneous throughout the eastern surroundings to the airport, being lowest at the sites directly influenced by road traffic. The pollution by volatile hydrocarbons at a busy road junction in the city of Erding is considerably higher than in the rural vicinity of the airport. The concentrations exhibit distinct daily courses which, among other things, can be related to atmospheric photooxidation. The hydroperoxides as secondary air pollutants exhibit an inverse course similar to that of ozone, with maximum values in the afternoon. 相似文献
132.
Tausz M Landmesser H Posch S Monschein S Grill D Wienhaus O 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,128(1-3):75-82
In this work we measured a set of antioxidative and photoprotective compounds (chlorophylls, carotenoids, tocopherol, ascorbate
and glutathione), which were suggested previously as stress markers in conifer needles, at two spruce forest sites at different
elevation in Saxony, Germany. Most variables differed significantly between current and 1-year-old needles, but only the content
of the xanthophyll cycle per mg total chlorophyll and the oxidation state of glutathione were significantly different between
the sites. We applied principal component analysis (PCA) to address the question if underlying accumulated variables are similar
to the ones found in spruce needles across Alpine elevation profiles and/or for pines in Mediterranean ecosystems. Four principal
components (accumulated variables, PC) representing 68% of the total variance of the dataset were extracted. PC 1 encompassed
total chlorophyll, lutein, and β-carotene contents, PC 2 combined the epoxidation state of xanthophylls, ascorbate content
and redox state, and glutathione content, PC 3 represented the content of xanthophylls and the redox state of glutathione,
and PC 4 encompassed the content of α-carotene and the epoxidation state of xanthophylls. Only PC 3 was significantly different
between sites. The PCA structure shows many similarities to corresponding findings in studies on spruce in mountain forests
in the Alps and pines in Mediterranean systems. This corroborates the interpretation of PCs as indicative for underlying physiological
processes. However, separation of the two investigated sites by PCs was in the present case study not superior to the separation
by single input variables. 相似文献
133.
Schmidtchen Dieter Helstroffer Jenny Koboldt Christian 《Environmental Economics and Policy Studies》2021,23(1):109-144
Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - This paper shows possible inconsistencies in environmental law, in which regulatory impact assessment (RIA) and the polluter pays principle (PPP)... 相似文献
134.
Max Engel Helmut Brückner Sascha Fürstenberg Peter Frenzel Anna Maria Konopczak Anja Scheffers Dieter Kelletat Simon Matthias May Frank Schäbitz Gerhard Daut 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2013,100(1):51-67
The Caribbean is highly vulnerable to coastal hazards. Based on their short recurrence intervals over the intra-American seas, high-category tropical cyclones and their associated effects of elevated storm surge, heavy wave impacts, mudslides and floods represent the most serious threat. Given the abundance of historical accounts and trigger mechanisms (strike-slip motion and oblique collision at the northern and southern Caribbean plate boundaries, submarine and coastal landslides, volcanism), tsunamis must be considered as well. This paper presents interdisciplinary multi-proxy investigations of sediment cores (grain size distribution, carbonate content, loss-on-ignition, magnetic susceptibility, microfauna, macrofauna) from Washington-Slagbaai National Park, NW Bonaire (Leeward Antilles). No historical tsunami is recorded for this island. However, an allochthonous marine layer found in all cores at Boka Bartol reveals several sedimentary criteria typically linked with tsunami deposits. Calibrated 14C data from these cores point to a palaeotsunami with a maximum age of 3,300 years. Alternative explanations for the creation of this layer, such as inland flooding during tropical cyclones, cannot entirely be ruled out, though in recent times even the strongest of these events on Bonaire did not deposit significant amounts of sediment onshore. The setting of Boka Bartol changed from an open mangrove-fringed embayment into a poly- to hyperhaline lagoon due to the establishment or closure of a barrier of coral rubble during or subsequent to the inferred event. The timing of the event is supported by further sedimentary evidence from other lagoonal and alluvial archives on Bonaire. 相似文献
135.
J Rajesh Banu Essaki Raj S Kaliappan Dieter Beck Ick-Tae Yeom 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2007,28(4):741-745
Overtones of fruit wastes accumulate daily in the city of Chennai, India and there is an urgent need to develop, assess and use ecofriendly methods to dispose them. Presently an attempt has been made to study solid state biomethanation of fruit wastes using a laboratory scale anaerobic digester Fruit wastes containing 3%, 4% and 5% solids were used for experimentation. Daily and cumulative production of biogas produced during the study was recorded. Increase in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in the feed was observed during the digestion. During the study the biogas generation increased with increase in total solids. While the gas generation was 0.006 m3/day/m3 of the reactor volume when the solid content was 3% the corresponding values for 4% and 5% solids were 0.27and 0.35 m3 respectively Varying TS 3% to 4% has no effect on fermentation stability and pH remained between 6.8 and 7.4, but an inhibition of methanogenic bacteria was observed for TS 5%. The overall performance of the reactor was depressed by changing feed concentration from 3% to 5%. Experiments with 4% initial solid contend was ideal for solid-state biomethanation. 相似文献
136.
137.
Dieter M. Imboden 《Integrated Assessment》2000,1(4):321-330
Macroeconomic models predict that the global primary energy demand will increase by a factor of 2–4 by the year 2050. In contrast,
climate analyses made by the IPCC claim that CO2 emissions in 2050 should not exceed the values of 1990 or even be 20% lower. By 2100 emissions should be reduced to one third
of the present value. The common wisdom to deal with these opposing trends is the concept of de-carbonization, i.e., the continuous
decrease of the carbon emission per unit energy utilization. De-carbonization rates needed to compensate for the growing demand
while keeping the CO2-emissions constant should at least be 2% per year compared to actual values of 0.3%. The potential of different de-carbonization
rate measures is analyzed. It is argued that the goal can only be met if per capita energy utilization in the industrialized
countries is significantly reduced from their typical level of 5000–10 000 W. As a realistic target we suggest 2000 Watt per
capita, the present global average. This would leave expansion capacity for the developing countries which presently have
per capita demand between 300 and 1000 W. Based on the example of Switzerland it is shown that the two key issues to attain
this goal are the quality of buildings and the demand for mobility. It is concluded that the conversion of the present energy
system into a 2000 W system is neither limited by technology nor by finances but by the acceptance of a new life style in
which energy is used more efficiently and more intelligently than today.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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