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Nicola Lugeri Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz Elisabetta Genovese Stefan Hochrainer Maciej Radziejewski 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(7):621-639
Flood disasters have had a devastating effect worldwide over the past century, both in terms of human suffering and material
losses. The study of these events and development of more effective adaptation and mitigation policies has become a priority,
both in Europe and other parts of the globe. This paper detects and presents the spatial distribution of river flood risks
in Europe. The methodology we developed involves an assessment of three key risk components: exposure, vulnerability and hazard.
A topography-based flood hazard map of Europe, identifying low-lying areas adjacent to rivers, is presented and used to identify
risk, together with land-use data and damage-stage relationship for different land uses. The study covers river flood risk
for the entire European continent. This methodology can be used to determine the level of future risk, using the estimations
on Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability from specific climate and economic development models. Annual average flood damage is
estimated for European regions, in absolute monetary terms and in % of regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The results
highlight regions where the threat to the economy from river flood hazard is of major concern. 相似文献
195.
C. Price Y. Yair A. Mugnai K. Lagouvardos M.C. Llasat S. Michaelides U. Dayan S. Dietrich E. Galanti L. Garrote N. Harats D. Katsanos M. Kohn V. Kotroni M. Llasat-Botija B. Lynn L. Mediero E. Morin K. Nicolaides S. Rozalis K. Savvidou B. Ziv 《Environmental Science & Policy》2011,14(7):898-911
The FLASH project was implemented from 2006 to 2010 under the EU FP6 framework. The project focused on using lightning observations to better understand and predict convective storms that result in flash floods. As part of the project 23 case studies of flash floods in the Mediterranean region were examined. For the analysis of these storms lightning data from the ZEUS network were used together with satellite derived rainfall estimates in order to understand the storm development and electrification. In addition, these case studies were simulated using mesoscale meteorological models to better understand the meteorological and synoptic conditions leading up to these intense storms. As part of this project tools for short term predictions (nowcasts) of intense convection across the Mediterranean and Europe, and long term forecasts (a few days) of the likelihood of intense convection were developed. The project also focused on educational outreach through our website http://flashproject.org supplying real time lightning observations, real time experimental nowcasts, forecasts and educational materials. While flash floods and intense thunderstorms cannot be prevented as the climate changes, long-range regional lightning networks can supply valuable data, in real time, for warning end-users and stakeholders of imminent intense rainfall and possible flash floods. 相似文献
196.
The cyanobacterial toxins, nodularin and microcystin, are highly efficient inhibitors of cellular protein phosphatases. Toxicity primarily evolves following ingestion of cyanobacterial material or toxins and results in liver and renal pathology. Ingestion is the main route of exposure in the World Health Organizations current risk assessment of nodularin and microcystins. Nasally applied microcystin appears to have a 10-fold higher availability and toxicity than orally ingested toxins, suggesting that aerosolized toxins could represent a major risk for human populations close to lakes with cyanobacterial blooms. In this study, nodularin and microcystin levels in aerosols were assessed using high and low volume air samplers for 4, 12 and 24 h periods at lakes Forsyth and Rotorua (South Island, New Zealand). These lakes were experiencing blooms of Nodularia spumigena and Microcystis sp., respectively. Using the high volume samplers up to 16.2 pg m(-3) of nodularin and 1.8 pg m(-3) of microcystins were detected in the air. Aerosolized nodularin and microcystins do not appear to represent an acute or chronic hazard to humans. The latter was concluded based on calculations using average human air intakes, the highest nodularin or microcystin concentrations measured in the air in this study, and assuming inhalatory toxicities comparable to toxicological data obtained following intraperitoneal applications in mice. However, as the toxin concentrations in the air were calculated over extended sampling periods, peak values may be underestimated. Aerosolized toxins should be considered when developing risk assessments particularly for lakeside populations and recreational users where inhalation of cyanotoxins may be a secondary exposure source to a primary oral exposure. 相似文献