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Lee H. Macdonald Donald M. Anderson William E. Dietrich 《Environmental management》1997,21(6):851-863
2 /yr, respectively. Geomorphic evidence indicates that plantation agriculture during the 18th and 19th centuries did not cause
severe erosion. Since about 1950 there has been rapid growth in roads and development due to increasing tourism and second-home
development. Our field investigations identified the approximately 50 km of unpaved roads as the primary source of anthropogenic
sediment. Field measurements of the road network in two catchments led to the development of a vector-based GIS model to predict
road surface erosion and sediment delivery. We estimate that road erosion has caused at least a fourfold increase in island-wide
sediment yields and that current sedimentation rates are unprecedented. Paving the dirt roads and implementing standard sediment
control practices can greatly reduce current sediment yields and possible adverse effects on the marine ecosystems surrounding
St. John. 相似文献
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For testing the potential use of stable iodine as a countermeasure to reduce radioiodine transfer to milk, concentrations of stable iodine and radioiodine in the milk of dairy cows fed different amounts of stable iodine were measured. The results indicated that, compared to a normal average stable iodine intake of about 20 mg d(-1) for cows, low iodine dietary intake (<1.5 mg d(-1)) resulted in a reduced transfer of radioiodine to milk by 25%, varying stable iodine intakes in the range of 10-500 mg d(-1) did have no significant effect; at stable iodine intake rates above 1000 mg I d(-1), a reduction by a factor of approximately two was achieved. The high dietary iodine intakes--being about 100 times the normal iodine supply--required to reduce the radioiodine transfer significantly, will result in stable iodine concentrations in milk in excess of advised or legal limits for human consumption. Nevertheless, the provision of stable iodine via the milk pathway might be considered for emergency situations when stable iodine is used as a preventative measure for dose reduction to humans. 相似文献
19.
Semioshkina N Proehl G Savinkov A Voigt G 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2007,98(1-2):166-176
Radiological assessment of the impact of nuclear weapons testing on the local population in the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) requires comprehensive site-specific information on radionuclide behaviour in the environment. However, information on radionuclide behaviour in the conditions of the STS is rather sparse and, in particular, there are no data in the literature on parameters of radionuclide transfer from feed to rabbit products which have been identified as contributors to internal dose to the inhabitants. The transfer of (137)Cs and (90)Sr to rabbit meat was studied under laboratory conditions in a controlled experiment with 32 locally bred rabbits maintained in the Kazakh Agricultural Research Institute. The equilibrium transfer coefficients for (137)Cs and (90)Sr from feed to rabbit meat were estimated to be 0.4 d kg(-1) and 0.15 d kg(-1), respectively. The biological half-lives were estimated to be 0.1 d for (137)Cs and 0.14 d for (90)Sr. Whereas for (137)Cs the distribution in the body is relatively homogeneous, there are large differences between the organs and tissues for (90)Sr for which, as expected, the highest concentrations were found in bone. 相似文献
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S. Fesenko N. Isamov B.J. Howard N.A. Beresford C.L. Barnett N. Sanzharova G. Voigt 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009
Over 150 publications reporting studies conducted in the former USSR were reviewed to provide transfer coefficients (Ff) to the muscle of domestic animals from experiments using chronic administration, often for long timescales in large scale experiments. Only a few of these studies were made available in the English language literature or taken into account in international reviews. The values derived have been compared with expected values reported by the IAEA's Handbook of parameter values for the prediction of radionuclide transfer in temperate environments (TRS 364) where possible. The information presented here has been used in the current updating of parameters recommended for environmental assessments by the IAEA. Many of the reported values are for Sr due to the Mayak accident and Cs due to the Chernobyl accident. Nevertheless, the reported data for a wide range of radionuclides, in particular for Ru, Sb, and Zn markedly improve the extent of available data. 相似文献