Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation

The understanding of organic phosphorus(P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level,but such information in sediment profiles is scarce.A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu(China),and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(31 P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA(NaOH-EDTA) solution.The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate,orthophosphate monoesters,phospholipids,DNA,and pyrophosphate.Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years,following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids DNA > pyrophosphate.Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P(NaOH-NRP HA),a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed.This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids,while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.     

基于力学机制的钢筋混凝土柱抗剪承载力模型∗

为了兼顾钢筋混凝土(RC)柱抗剪承载力分析的计算精度和简便性,研究建立了一种基于力学机制的RC柱抗剪承载力简化模型。首先基于变角桁架-拱模型理论,结合变角桁架模型的力平衡条件以及变角桁架模型和拱模型之间的变形协调条件,建立了RC柱抗剪承载力分析的理论模型;然后利用38组试验数据进行统计分析,分别确定了混凝土、箍筋和拱模型的抗剪承载力贡献系数近似取值,在此基础上建立了R C柱抗剪承载力分析的简化模型;最后通过与试验数据进行对比分析,验证了该模型的计算精度和适用性。分析结果表明,该模型不仅可以合理分析混凝土、箍筋和拱作用的抗剪承载力贡献,具有较高的计算精度,而且计算公式较为简洁。     

基于多因子指数集成的流域面源污染风险研究

为掌握流域面源污染风险的整体趋势,基于风险评价时,单个因子对系统某种风险的贡献率可能大于1且因子对系统风险贡献呈一定结构性的问题,定义了风险标准值的概念和算法,建立了系统风险多因子集成评价方法,并在地理信息系统支持下对泸沽湖流域进行了案例研究.结果表明,泸沽湖流域面源污染流失风险处于较高的水平;系统风险多因子集成评价法在对多个同类系统间进行比较时,具有较大的优势;该方法可以与其他多种方法相结合对系统属性进行全面综合评价.     

基于蒙特卡洛模拟的城市道路网络地震易损性分析∗

城市道路网络是重要的生命线工程系统,其抗震性能直接影响城市震时人员逃生和震后救灾是否能够迅速开展。现阶段,地震工程学界已发展了完善的单一路段地震易损性分析方法,但对道路网络整体性态水平划分、破坏指标选取和地震易损性评价等问题尚无明确结果。基于此,利用二维平面网络统计特征量作为破坏评价指标,提出了一类城市道路网络地震易损性的评价方法,并利用蒙特卡洛模拟方法计算了实际城市路网的地震易损性矩阵。首先,给出了城市道路网络地震破坏模拟步骤,包括路网建模、空间变化地震动模拟和基于路段易损性函数的路网地震破坏模拟;然后,利用分支数量和最大分支直径作为指标,对城市道路网络性态水平进行了划分,给出了基于蒙特卡洛方法的路网地震易损性分析框架;最后,以河北省秦皇岛市为例,计算了城市道路网络的地震易损性矩阵。本文发展的城市路网地震易损性分析方法可为城市道路系统整体抗震安全性评价及优化设计提供参考。     

混合有机污染物在松花江水体中生物降解模拟研究

以松花江不同地点的江水和沉积物为微生物源,对江中检出的２１种有机污染物混合体系的生物降解过程进行模拟研究。结果表明,化合物结构、微生物源和驯化期是影响生物降解的主要因素;在驯化条件下,低浓度混合有机污染物的生物降解速率符合一级动力学方程。     

土壤pH对锰赋存形态的影响

以热带亚热带土壤为研究对象，用连续分级浸提法探讨了土壤中锰赋存形态与ｐＨ值的关系。结果表明：土壤中的锰处于一种动态平衡状态，各形态锰的含量及其占全锰的比例随ｐＨ的变化而变化，其中代换态锰和有机态锰随ｐＨ值升高而减少，氧化态锰、无定形铁结合态锰和晶形铁结合态锰则随ｐＨ值升高而增加，土壤中锰的生物有效性则随ｐＨ值升高而降低。     

Solubilization of substituted indole compounds by beta-cyclodextrin in water

The solubilization of four pairs of substituted indole compounds (SICs) by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in water was investigated. The results show that 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole and N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole form 1:1 inclusion complexes with β-CD, while the other six SICs form 1:2 inclusion complexes, respectively. To each pair of SICs with similar structures, the differences between their solubilization in β-CD/water solutions has been explained by the difference of their contact area within the β-CD cavity, the difference of their molecule polarity, or the presence of hydrogen bond between SIC molecule and β-CD molecule.     

Effect of ZnFe2O4 doping on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2

The photocatalytic oxidation of the organic pollutants with the TiO2 as photocatalyst has been widely studied in the world, and many achievements have been got. The degradation of pollutants is highly related with the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. It is demonstrated that doping ions or oxides to TiO2 is one way to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. In this paper, the ZnFe2O4-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared from butyl titanate by a sol-gel method and characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that when TiO2 was doped with ZnFe2O4, its particle size will decrease and its crystal structure will partly transform from anatase to rutile. The photocatalytic activity of the elaborated powders was studied following the degradation of Rhodamine B. The results showed that doping ZnFe2O4 to TiO2 will enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and that ZnFe2O4-doped TiO2 in the coexistence of anatase and rutile has higher efficiency for the degradation of Rhodamine B than that in the anatase phase alone. Also the different role of O2 in the direct photolysis and photocatalysis of Rhodamine B was discussed.     

Degradation of Benzo[a]Pyrene in Soil with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Alfalfa

Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was grown in pots containing soil artificially contaminated with various levels of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)(0, 1, 10 and 100 mg kg^–1). Soil and plants were sampled after 30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 days and compared with unlanted pots. The percentage of mycorrhizal root length colonized by Glomus caledoniun was not significantly affected by the addition of B[a]P up to 10 mg kg^–1 but was significantly lower at 100 mg kg^–1B[a]P compared with low concentrations (p < 0.05). There was no difference in soil polyphenol oxidase and dehydrogenase activity among the controls and applications of 1 and 10 mg kg^–1 of B[a]P. However, enzyme activities were significantly higher at 100 mg kg^–1B[a]P compared with the other three treatments, and there was no mycorrhizal effect. Over a period of 90 days the concentration of B[a]P in soil in which alfalfa was grown was significantly lower than in unplanted soil (p < 0.05). Degradation rates of B[a]P added at 1, 10 and 100 mg kg^–1 without G. caledonium were 76, 78 and 53%, and with mycorrhizal inoculation were 86, 87 and 57%. The degradation rate in unplanted soil was significantly lower than in planted soil, and was significantly higher in medium- and low-B[a]P treatments than in the high B[a]P concentration tested. There is a possibility of enhancement phytoremediation of PAHs in rhizosphere soil with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.     

A simple and promising route for biodiesel production from low-quality lipids

High production cost is the key issue of biodiesel industry nowadays. To decrease the cost, using low-quality lipids feedstock is the most effective way. For low-quality lipids with high content of free fatty acids, a simple and promising route is proposed to produce biodiesel. Instead of the typical two-step procedure, the esterification and transesterification processes are performed continuously by simultaneously eliminating the formed water in the reaction system with CaO powder. Investigations were carried out on the synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester and fatty acid ethyl ester. The results showed that the esterification rate reached to 99.6% for fatty acid methyl ester and 99.4% for fatty acid ethyl ester within 3–4 h, and the transesterification rate reached to 89.1 and 86.2%, respectively. Over 93 w% of feedstock oil could be transformed to biodiesel. Besides, hydrophobic CaCO₃ nanorods were also synthesized as value-added by-product. Based on the new route, the production process of biodiesel could be simplified and the production cost could be reduced.