新一代大气污染估算模式AERSCREEN对比分析研究

HJ 2.2—2008《环境影响评价技术导则:大气环境》规定大气环评工作采用估算模式(SCREEN3)来确定评价等级,而进一步预测模式AERMOD的实际预测结果与SCREEN3的估算结果并不完全一致。新一代估算模式AERSCREEN耦合了AERMOD的相关内核(AERMOD、AERMAP、BPIPPRM),能快速计算污染源在最不利的气象条件下的浓度结果。为了解不同估算模式的差异,采用平坦地形、不同下垫面、不同污染源参数条件下的案例,对比估算模式AERSCREEN与SCREEN3的计算结果,并分析估算模式与AERMOD预测结果的一致性。     

昆明市清水海水源保护区生态补偿机制探讨

就昆明市清水海水源区生态补偿机制进行探讨,以期为生态补偿机制的建立提供借鉴。生态补偿理论结合清水海水源区实际分析。补偿主体是国家、受水区的企业和居民,客体是水资源和生态环境的保护者,以及牺牲发展机会的企业和居民;补偿标准以费用分析法计算,包括水资源保护、水源林建设和管理等方面的投入;补偿方式近期以输血型和造血型补偿结合,远期逐步向生态造血型补偿转变;优先补偿效率高的污染防治措施、退耕还林和测土配方,其次为产业结构调整和水资源管理;补偿时限结合补偿取得的成效、水源区生态产业发展和生态质量状况来确定;补偿资金以政府财政为主、市场为辅。结果表明:应结合清水海的实际,确定生态补偿的主客体、方式、标准和时限,建立生态补偿的保障机制,加强对补偿资金的监管。进一步开展定量化研究,完善清水海水源区生态补偿基础研究,促进生态补偿机制的建立。     

臭氧和Fenton试剂处理石化电脱盐废水研究

利用臭氧和Fenton试剂对某石化炼油厂电脱盐废水进行了处理.结果表明:经臭氧处理后COD去除率为51.10％;用Fenton试剂处理经臭氧氧化后的电脱盐废水,效果最好,COD去除率提高到84.61％;用臭氧和Fenton试剂联合处理时,COD去除率为77.95％;这3种方法都能减轻该种废水的后续处理压力,其中第2种方法效果最好.     

中国西南三江流域风化的季节性变化特征

青藏高原的风化可能影响着全球碳循环和长时间尺度气候变化,其风化速率和影响机制一直受到科学界的关注。本研究对发源于青藏高原东部的三江——金沙江、澜沧江和怒江干流进行每月两次,为期一水文年的定点观测研究。结果表明三江水样的pH总体呈弱碱性,水中主要阴阳离子组成和TDS变化明显并且都有明显的季节性变化特征。本研究首先用正演模型评估了不同端元对三江水化学的贡献比例,并估算出金沙江石鼓以上、澜沧江维登以上和怒江六库以上流域的净CO2消耗速率分别为76.3×103 mol/(km2·a)、238.9×103 mol/(km2·a)和189.3×103 mol/(km2·a),雨季净CO2消耗速率可达旱季的2~4倍;反演法估算出的净CO2消耗速率与正演法的相差均在25%以内,表明估算结果的可靠性。     

重庆市次级河流整治的主要举措、存在问题及建议研究

近年来,重庆市将次级河流综合整治工作作为一项“重过程、重民生、重实效”的系统工程来抓,次级河流整治取得明显成效.但也面临一些问题,如污水处理基础设施仍不完善,农村面源污染局面未根本扭转,水污染防治长效管理机制不健全等.在此基础上提出以下建议,一是加强流域规划控制和管理;二是统筹实施次级河流整治项目;三是建立完善跨界河流上、下游联动工作机制;四是探索建立生态补偿机制.     

Assessment of the sources and transformations of nitrogen in a plain river network region using a stable isotope approach

The great spatial and temporal variability in hydrological conditions and nitrogen(N)processing introduces large uncertainties to the identification of N sources and quantifying N cycles in plain river network regions. By combining isotopic data with chemical and hydrologic measurements, we determined the relative importance of N sources and biogeochemical N processes in the Taige River in the East Plain Region of China. The river was polluted more seriously by anthropogenic inputs in winter than in summer. Manure and urban sewage effluent were the main nitrate(NO-3) sources, with the nitrification of N-containing organic materials serving as another important source of NO-3. In the downstream, with minor variations in hydrological conditions, nitrification played a more important role than assimilation for the decreasing ammonium(NH+4-N) concentrations.The N isotopic enrichment factors(ε) during NH+4utilization ranged from- 13.88‰ in March to- 29.00‰ in July. The ratio of the increase in δ18O and δ15N of river NO-3in the downstream was 1.04 in January and 0.92 in March. This ratio indicated that NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was responsible for the increasing δ15N and δ18O values of NO-3in winter. The relationships between δ15N of particulate organic nitrogen and isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen indicated that the phytoplankton in the Taige River probably utilized NH+4preferentially and mainly in summer, while in winter, NO-3assimilation by phytoplankton was dominant.     

Continuous desulfurization and bacterial community structure of an integrated bioreactor developed to treat SO2 from a gas stream

Sulfide dioxide(SO2) is often released during the combustion processes of fossil fuels. An integrated bioreactor with two sections, namely, a suspended zone(SZ) and immobilized zone(IZ), was applied to treat SO2 for 6 months. Sampling ports were set in both sections to investigate the performance and microbial characteristics of the integrated bioreactor. SO2 was effectively removed by the synergistic effect of the SZ and IZ, and more than 85%removal efficiency was achieved at steady state. The average elimination capacity of SO2 in the bioreactor was 2.80 g/(m3·hr) for the SZ and 1.50 g/(m3· hr) for the IZ. Most SO2 was eliminated in the SZ. The liquid level of the SZ and the water content ratio of the packing material in the IZ affected SO2 removal efficiency. The SZ served a key function not only in SO2 elimination, but also in moisture maintenance for the IZ. The desired water content in IZ could be feasibly maintained without any additional pre-humidification facilities. Clone libraries of 16 S r DNA directly amplified from the DNA of each sample were constructed and sequenced to analyze the community composition and diversity in the individual zones.The desulfurization bacteria dominated both zones. Paenibacillus sp. was present in both zones, whereas Ralstonia sp. existed only in the SZ. The transfer of SO2 to the SZ involved dissolution in the nutrient solution and biodegradation by the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.This work presents a potential biological treatment method for waste gases containing hydrophilic compounds.     

黄海绿潮灾害应急遥感监测和预测预警系统

黄海绿潮灾害应急遥感监测和预测预警系统是在绿潮应急遥感监测技术、应急快速漂移预测等技术研究的基础上,基于GIS技术构建了集绿潮遥感信息解译和提取、多源监测数据融合、快速漂移预测和预警产品制作和发布综合业务化平台。在应急遥感监测数据提取方面主要研发了信息提取准自动化技术和多源多时间窗的绿潮监测数据融合技术;在应急预测技术方面主要基于精细化大气和海洋环境动力场,研发了绿潮快速应急漂移预测模型,并通过海上和后报实验提高模拟精度。本系统服务于国家海洋局和政府防灾减灾应急部门,为海上运动、水产养殖、滨海旅游、交通运输、渔业生产等涉海活动和海洋管理提供了科学可靠的技术保障,特别在2008年奥运会帆船/板赛和2012年亚洲沙滩运动会的绿潮监测和预测预警保障工作中发挥了重要的作用,具有巨大的社会、经济和生态效益。     

基于星载SAR影像的海面溢油业务化监测系统

为提高溢油业务化监测精度和效率,基于海面油膜成像机理和检测难点,设计了海洋溢油业务化监测流程。研发了溢油SAR卫星遥感业务化监测系统,系统集成了SAR图像处理算法和暗区特征打分法,实现了SAR影像处理、溢油信息提取和溢油监测报告制作等功能。系统已应用到业务化监测中,可为溢油应急处置提供决策支持。     

疏浚过程中的环境影响分析及其对策研究

环保疏浚因能将水体的污染底泥彻底去除,消除影响水质的潜在因素,从而成为治理水体的一项重要措施。但是,环保疏浚工程中扰动污染底泥、污染底泥处置不当等会导致环境的二次污染。各项减少底泥扰动以及底泥的资源化利用技术成为研究热点。减少污染底泥扰动主要是通过改进疏浚设备工艺来实现,目前国内主要采用的环保疏浚设备是绞吸式挖泥船与环保绞刀。底泥的资源化利用不但可以改善其对环境的二次污染,而且可变废为宝,增加资源,目前资源化利用途径主要有土地利用、建筑材料、填方材料、污水处理材料、制氢技术等。