Simulation of global warming potential (GWP) from rice fields in the Tai-Lake region,China by coupling 1:50,000 soil database with DNDC model

Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wetland ecosystems is a relatively new issue in global climate change studies. China has approximately 22% of the world's rice paddies and 38% of the world's rice production, which are crucial to accurately estimate the global warming potential (GWP) at regional scale. This paper reports an application of a biogeochemical model (DeNitrification and DeComposition or DNDC) for quantifying GWP from rice fields in the Tai-Lake region of China. For this application, DNDC is linked to a 1:50,000 soil database, which was derived from 1107 paddy soil profiles compiled during the Second National Soil Survey of China in the 1980–1990s. The simulated results show that the 2.34 Mha of paddy soil cultivated in rice–wheat rotation in the Tai-Lake region emitted about ?1.48 Tg C, 0.84 Tg N and 5.67 Tg C as CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ respectively, with a cumulative GWP of 565 Tg CO₂ equivalent from 1982 to 2000. As for soil subgroups, the highest GWP (26,900 kg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 yr^?1) was linked to gleyed paddy soils accounting for about 4.4% of the total area of paddy soils. The lowest GWP (5370 kg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 yr^?1) was associated with submergenic paddy soils accounting for about 0.32% of the total area of paddy soils. The most common soil in the area was hydromorphic paddy soils, which accounted for about 53% of the total area of paddy soils with a GWP of 12,300 kg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 yr^?1. On a regional basis, the annual averaged GWP in the polder, Tai-Lake plain, and alluvial plain soil regions was distinctly higher than that in the low mountainous and Hilly soil regions. As for administrative areas, the average annual GWP of counties in Shanghai city was high. Conversely, the average annual GWP of counties in Jiangsu province was low. The high variability in soil properties throughout the Tai-Lake region is important and affects the net greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the use of detailed soil data sets with high-resolution digital soil maps is essential to improve the accuracy of GWP estimates with process-based models at regional and national scales.     

承包商 HSE 管理体系运行存在问题及对策

分析了承包商HSE管理体系的运行现状,针对存在的问题,提出了管理措施。     

采用Design-Expert分析多因素对电路板湿法拆解的影响与优化设计

废旧印刷电路板元器件拆解技术的研究是电子废弃物有效利用的重点环节。通过采用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件,对拆解过程中氟硼酸浓度,双氧水浓度和时间对铅、锡焊料的溶出率的影响趋势进行研究,得出最终优化实验方案为在双氧水浓度为0.5 mol·L-1、氟硼酸浓度为2.5 mol·L-1、反应时间为35 min的条件下铅、锡的溶出率分别为90.66%和99.91%,可视为铅、锡完全溶解并实现脱焊。该方法实现了电子元器件与印刷电路板的快速分离,将为电子废弃物的资源化提供理论支持和应用支撑。     

基于静电纺丝膜的Fenton法降解双氯芬酸钠

通过浸渍法将铁盐负载于静电纺丝纤维膜制备了类Fenton催化剂,并通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对静电纺丝膜进行了表征,研究了该催化剂降解双氯芬酸钠的特性及其重复利用率。结果表明,静电纺丝纤维膜反应前后膜结构良好,反应过程中铁离子几乎无溶出;膜对双氯芬酸钠有一定的吸附能力,去除率约为6.96%。当双氯芬酸钠初始浓度为20 mg·L-1,按0.310 g·（100 mL）-1比例加入催化剂时,H2O2最佳用量为340 mg·L-1。溶液的初始pH值对实验结果影响较大,酸性条件更利于双氯芬酸钠的降解,最佳pH值为3.14,但该催化剂所适用的pH值范围较之传统Fenton法有明显拓展。所制备的催化剂重复利用率高,循环使用4次后,催化活性无明显改变,4 h的去除率依然高达95%以上。反应中双氯芬酸钠主要生成乙酸等小分子化合物,最终可氧化为CO2和H2O。     

绿色木霉和黄孢原毛平革菌混合降解稻草秸秆中的VOCs

利用黄孢原毛平革菌和绿色木霉混合培养降解稻草秸秆,使用顶空固相微萃取气质联用的方法研究了降解过程中产生的挥发性有机物,并对混合培养中同一平板上不同区域产生的挥发性有机物进行了比较。纯培养和混合培养中挥发性有机物的对比研究表明,两株菌的混合培养较其纯培养有更强地降解稻草的能力。在混合培养过程中检测到C15H24的两种同分异构体,分别属于双环倍半水芹烯和环己二烯类物质,均是倍半萜烯,证实了黄孢原毛平革菌和绿色木霉混合培养时的拮抗机制。同时发现环己二烯类物质仅在混合培养中的混合区域检测到,表明混合培养中混合区域较之非混合区域具有更强的竞争表现,分区域检测降解过程中挥发性有机物能更好地研究混合接种的降解机理。     

反应条件对等离子体脱除吸附于Cu-Ce/AC表面NOx的影响

以放电等离子体协同催化法对吸附在Cu-Ce/AC上的NOx进行脱除,研究了不同的放电条件和添加水蒸气对脱除NOx的影响。结果表明,对于同轴圆筒形反应器,催化剂量一定时,放电长度增加,吸附态NOx去除率先升高后下降;放电电压增大,吸附态NOx去除率升高,原因在于放电反应区内能量密度和活性粒子分布状态改变。根据NOx程序升温脱附（TPD）,TPD低温位（x更容易被放电等离子体脱除,放电长度和放电电压能够影响不同吸附位上NOx的去除效率。适宜条件下,吸附态NOx去除率最高达到93.3%。循环吸附-等离子体脱除NOx进行10次后,NOx脱除率在92%以上。在混合气中添加5%水蒸气提高了等离子体对吸附态NOx的去除率,但导致循环吸附-等离子体脱除NOx效率下降。原因是H2O与NOx竞争吸附带来的负面效应大于等离子体中H2O提供自由基与吸附态NOx反应所带来的正面效应。     

改性木屑吸附除亚甲基蓝性能

为提高对亚甲基蓝的去除效果,采用热解+NaOH浸泡方法制备了改性木屑,用SEM研究了改性对木屑表面结构的影响,并以该改性木屑为吸附剂,进行了从水溶液中吸附亚甲基蓝的性能研究。研究结果显示,改性木屑表面光滑,并出现多发熔孔。常温下,改性木屑对亚甲基蓝的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,最大吸附量322.58 mg/g,是原始木屑的10倍,是活性炭的3倍,改性效果显著;对浓度为200 mg/L、pH值为7的亚甲基蓝溶液,改性木屑投加量为0.8 g/L时,去除率达到了99.01%,去除效果理想。吸附动力学符合伪二级速率方程。     

Linking landscape development intensity within watersheds to methyl-mercury accumulation in river sediments

An indicator of the disturbance of natural systems, the landscape development intensity (LDI) index, was used to assess the potential for land-use within watersheds to influence the production/accumulation of methyl-mercury (MeHg) in river sediments. Sediment samples were collected from locations impacted by well-identified land-use types within the Mobile-Alabama River Basin in Southeastern USA. The samples were analyzed for total-Hg (THg) and MeHg concentrations and the obtained values correlated to the calculated LDI indexes of the sampled watersheds to assess the impact of prevalent land use/land cover on MeHg accumulation in sediments. The results show that unlike THg, levels of MeHg found in sediments are impacted by the LDI indexes. Overall, certain combinations of land-use types within a given watershed appear to be more conducive to MeHg accumulation than others, therefore, pointing to the possibility of targeting land-use practices as potential means for reducing MeHg accumulation in sediments, and ultimately, fish contamination.     

6种湿地植物吸收污水中氮和磷的动力学

为研究不同湿地植物对污染水体中氮、磷的去除效果,采用改进耗竭法研究水竹、金花菜、空心菜、雪里红、芋头和韭菜等6种湿地经济植物对溶解性总磷（TSP）、硝态氮（NO3--N）及铵态氮（NH4+-N）的吸收动力学特征。目的是在对污染水体进行修复时,可以根据不同的污染程度选择相应的经济作物。结果表明：空心菜适应任何TSP、NO3--N及NH4+-N浓度的污水,水竹则适应TSP、NO3--N及NH4+-N浓度较低的污染水体;韭菜与金花菜对TSP、NH4+-N浓度较高的污染水体有较大吸收效率,而雪里红则适合浓度较低的水体;对于含NO3--N水体,韭菜与雪里红具有较大吸收速率,适宜高NO3--N水平的养分条件,金花菜具有较大亲和力,适宜于NO3--N浓度低的污染水体;芋头的最大吸收速率最小而亲和力最大,不适宜作为湿地植物修复污染水体。6种湿地植物都具有喜铵性,对NH4+-N有更好的吸收效果。