兰州市大气颗粒物中化学特征污染物的筛选

采用综合评分法对兰州市大气颗粒物中化学特征污染物进行筛选. 综合评分法的指标体系主要由环境检出率、潜在危害指数和环境影响度等9项指标组成,综合分值总分为280分. 筛选结果表明:苯并芘(综合评分为272,下同)、Pb(262)、Cr(262)、Ni(262)、Cd(262)、Cu(246)、苯并蒽(230)、二苯并[a,h]蒽(215)、Zn(214)、苯并荧蒽(212)10种化学污染物得分较高,为兰州市大气颗粒物中重点关注的化学污染物. 而Hasse图解法筛选结果表明,苯并芘、Pb、Cr、二苯并[a,h]蒽、Ni、Cd、Cu、Zn、苯并蒽9种化学污染物的危害性排序靠前. 在综合评分法的基础上利用Hasse图解法对化学特征污染物进行筛选,按照危害性大小,兰州市大气颗粒物中化学特征污染物可分为5个层次,依次为:①苯并芘、Pb和Cr;②Ni、二苯并[a,h]蒽;③Cu、Cd;④苯并蒽、Zn;⑤苯并荧蒽. 综合评分法和Hasse图解法的结合应用既简化了单一Hasse图解法筛选化学特征污染物的繁琐过程,又可实现对污染物危害性的较全面认识.      

2010年中国机动车CH4和N2O排放清单

中国大部分机动车温室气体排放研究都集中于CO₂排放,对于CH₄和N₂O等排放的研究鲜见. 以中国机动车污染防治年报(2011年)、中国汽车工业年鉴(2011年)、中国统计年鉴(2011年)以及交通运输部发布的相关信息和数据(2011年)等为基础,结合文献调研和2008─2010年对北京、广州等国内10余座典型城市的实地调查结果,获得2010年我国机动车活动水平及排放特征. 基于上述基础信息,解析得到按不同车型、燃料和车龄分布的机动车保有量、年均行驶里程及排放因子,建立2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放清单. 结果表明:2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放量分别为23.90×104和6.01×104t,折算成CO₂分别为501.99×104和1862.51×104t. 不确定性分析则显示,中国CH₄排放量在18.21×104～27.52×104t之间,N₂O排放量在4.32×104～7.62×104t之间. 在机动车中,汽车CH₄和N₂O排放量最大,分担率(某车型污染物排放量占机动车排放总量的比例)分别为77.99%和94.22%,而摩托车和农用车排放分担率较小. 在各类汽车中,CH₄排放主要来源于轻型汽油车和天然气出租车,二者的排放分担率分别为47.98%和23.42%;N₂O排放则主要源于轻型汽油车,其分担率为73.09%. 因此,轻型汽油车是削减机动车CH₄和N₂O排放的重点车型,同时天然气出租车也应作为控制CH₄排放的主要车型.      

Ecological and human health risks from metal(loid)s in peri-urban soil in Nanjing,China

In order to investigate the ecological and human health risks of metal(loid)s (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cr, and As) in peri-urban soils, 43 surface soil samples were collected from the peri-urban area around Nanjing, a megacity in China. The average contents were 1.19, 67.8, 37.6, 105, 167, 44.6, 722, and 50.8 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and As, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, and As (p < 0.01), and Cr had a significant positive correlation with Ni (p < 0.01). Geoaccumulation indices indicate the presence of Cd and As contamination in all of the peri-urban soil samples. Potential ecological risk indices show that the metal(loid)s in the soil could result in higher ecological risks. Cd is the main contributor to the risk, followed by As. The levels of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, and As in stomach and intestinal phases show a positive linear correlation with their total contents. Mn, Zn, Ni, Cd, and Pb in stomach phase showed higher bioaccessibility, while in intestinal phase, Cu, Cr, and As had the higher bioaccessibility. The carcinogenic risk in children and adults posed by As, Pb, and Cr via ingestion was deemed acceptable. The non-carcinogenic risks posed by these metal(loid)s via ingestion to children are higher than to adults and mainly result from As.     

海外石油钻探项目HSE管理能力评价指标体系研究 ——基于大庆油田海外项目的案例

石油是保障国民经济安全的重要战略资源。当今,国际石油企业间的竞争已由过去单纯依靠资本和技术的竞争,转化成包含健康、安全和环境（HSE）在内的多元要素的竞争。采用问卷调查方法,基于对大庆油田海外石油钻探项目团队349份有效问卷的数据,运用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析方法,对海外石油钻探项目HSE管理能力评价指标体系和模型进行了实证研究,研究发现:（1）对员工进行适度的健康教育培训可以显著提高项目HSE管理水平;（2）健全的物料安全管理制度对于提高项目HSE管理水平至关重要;（3）预防及应对环境污染能力直接影响项目的HSE管理水平。最后,基于上述研究结论,提出了相应的对策建议。     

水质总氮空白实验分析及改进措施

在总氮测定过程中,空白测试是必不可少的分析试验.但在实际操作中,发现空白值经常存在偏高的情况,加大了系统误差.如何降低分析空白实验值,保证分析样品的精密度和准确度,成为测定过程的关键之一.本文从试剂影响、器皿影响、操作过程影响及环境影响等方面全面分析,并以实验数据予以验证.在此基础上提出降低空白值的手段和措施,以指导实验室操作实践.     

Characteristics of chemical components in PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> at a plateau city,South-west China

A sampling campaign including summer, autumn and winter of 2014 and spring of 2015 was accomplished to obtain the characteristic of chemical components in PM_2.5 at three sites of Kunming, a plateau city in South-west China. Nine kinds of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSI), organic and element carbon (OC and EC) in PM_2.5 were analyzed by ion chromatography and thermal optical reflectance method, respectively. Results showed that the average concentrations of total WSI, OC and EC were 22.85±10.95 µg·m^-3, 17.83±9.57 µg·m^-3 and 5.11±4.29 µg·m^-3, respectively. They totally accounted for 53.0% of PM_2.5. Secondary organic and inorganic aerosols (SOA and SIA) were also assessed by the minimum ratio of OC/EC, nitrogen and sulfur oxidation ratios. The annual average concentrations of SOA and SIA totally accounted for 28.3% of the PM_2.5 concentration. The low proportion suggested the primary emission was the main source of PM_2.5 in Kunming. However, secondary pollution in the plateau city should also not be ignorable, due to the appropriate temperature and strong solar radiation, which can promote the atmospheric photochemical reactions.

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甘肃河东玉米种植区春夏气象干旱时空变化特征及其与环流因子关系

甘肃河东玉米种植区属于旱作雨养农业区,农作物生长主要依靠自然降水来维持,春夏干旱是影响该区玉米生长发育的关键因素。利用河东地区13个气象站点1957-2012年气象资料,基于标准化降水蒸散指数从干旱趋势、周期、空间特征及其与环流因子关系方面探讨近56 a来河东玉米种植区春夏干旱演变特征。结果表明：近56 a河东玉米种植区春夏两季均呈干旱化趋势,并自20世纪90年代中期以后,干旱呈加重趋势。干旱变化共经历了3个气候阶段,20世纪80年代之前,春夏旱情较轻;80年代-90年代,夏旱较春旱严重;2000年以后,春旱较夏旱严重。干旱周期变化,春夏干旱周期分别为20 a和14 a,干旱周期性变化主要是受太阳黑子活动影响。春夏干旱发生频率在突变前后差异显著,低频区在突变后转为高频区,易旱区呈扩大状态。ENSO事件是影响该区春夏干旱发生的主要环流因子,尤其对夏旱影响最为显著。近20 a来ENSO事件增强是该区干旱事件不断加重的原因,ENSO暖事件爆发时,该区春夏趋于干旱,由湿向干转变;ENSO冷事件爆发,干旱则有所缓解,由干向湿转变。     

福建山美水库表层沉积物不同形态硅分布特征及其环境意义

采用Tessier连续提取法研究了亚热带典型山区深水水库-福建泉州山美水库沉积物中不同形态硅(可交换离子态硅[IEF-Si]、碳酸盐结合态硅[CF-Si]、铁锰氧化物结合态硅[IMOF-Si]和有机硫化态硅[OSF-Si])的时空分布特征及其环境意义.结果表明,山美水库平水期、丰水期、枯水期表层沉积物中不同形态硅总含量分别为3043.50~4414.24,2711.17~3676.89,3198.44~4444.28mg/kg,平水期>枯水期>丰水期;其空间分布特征为:库尾区>水库中部区>近坝区>入库区.该水库中IEF-Si和CF-Si相对含量少,活性大.虽然可交换态硅的含量较少,其释放潜能有可能对水生生态系统营养状况及初级生产产生影响;CF-Si对环境因子尤其是pH值特别敏感;IMOF-Si和 OSF-Si相对含量高,IMOF-Si可能是山美水库硅补充的最主要途径;而OSF-Si是比较稳定形态的硅,其分布规律与受不同时期沉积下来的沉积物类型和环境影响有关.平水期、丰水期CF-Si与IMOF-Si呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05,r=0.728;P<0.05,r=0.672),丰水期、枯水期IMOF-Si与OSF-Si均呈显著正相关关系(P =0.05,r=0.757; P <0.01,r=0.832).     

Soil bacterial community characteristics of rice-rice-rape crop rotation北大核心CSCD

To investigate the characteristic changes in soil bacterial community under rice-rice-rape rotation in southern China, soil samples from a 30-year crop rotation and continuous cropping system were collected. Clone library and gene sequence analysis were adopted. The PCR amplification was carried out using universal primers of the 16S rDNA gene. The amplified fragments were then used to construct a clone library. The subclones were sequenced and analyzed. The experimental analysis showed that, in July 2015, and October and April 2016, the Shannon Wiener index and richness index of bacteria from the rotation treatment soils were higher than those of the continuous cropping treatment soil. The soil bacterial diversity of the rotation treatment was higher than that of the continuous cropping treatment. The results of BLAST analysis in the GenBank showed that Proteobacteria accounted 55% of total bacteria in the rotation treatment soil, whereas it accounted for 45% of total bacteria in continuous cropping treatment soil. Gemmatimonadetes accounted for 13% of the total bacteria in rotation treatment and 10% in the continuous cropping treatment. The proportion of Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes in rotation soil was less than those in the continuous cropping soil. Proteobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes were the dominant flora in soil. The changes in the predominant bacteria affected the diversity of soil bacteria in rotation and continuous cropping. The sequence analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in the soil were Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, which higher than those in the rice-rice continuous cropping treatment. The sequences similar to Chloroflexi were observed in the rice-rice-rape rotation soils, but not in the continuous cropping soils. The results showed that the soil microbial population is conducted by agricultural tillage, and rice-rice-rape rotation increased the soil bacterial abundance compared with that of the rice-rice continuous treatment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Characteristics of N2O emission from Medicago sativa stands and its response to nitrogen fertilizers in the Longdong dryland Plateau北大核心CSCD

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the potent greenhouse gases (GHG) that depletes the stratospheric ozone. Nitrogen fertilizers are considered to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from arable soils. To investigate the characteristics of N2O emission, its influencing factors, and its response to nitrogen application in dry grassland in the Loess Plateau, one of the most intensively used agricultural regions in China, we conducted a field trial with two treatments including N0 (0 kg hm-2) and N150 (150 kg hm-2) at the Qingyang Loess Plateau grassland agricultural research station of Lanzhou University. An LGR-N2O/CO gas analyzer was used to monitor the emissions. The results showed that the N2O fluxes of the N0 and N150 treatments during the monitoring period were -0.0036 and 0.0118 mg m-2 h-1, respectively; the flux in case of the N150 treatment was significantly higher than that for the N0 treatment. The N2O emission flux has a distinct diurnal variation characteristic, which first showed the trend of decreasing and then increasing. Regression analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between the N2O flux and the surface soil water content at a depth of 10 cm. The N2O emission flux increased by 131.3%, compared with that during the non-precipitation days. At the same time, the N2O emission flux showed a trend of decreasing with the increase of the surface soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm. The daily emission characteristics indicated that there may be a significant underestimation of the N2O flux at the daily or longer time-scale, based on the N2O flux value measured at 9:00-11:00. In summary, the N2O emissions from the sown alfalfa grassland of the eastern Gansu are strongly affected by precipitation and nitrogen application and have obvious daily dynamic characteristics. It is recommended that the accuracy and representativeness of N2O emission flux data be enhanced by continuous dynamic measurement using the instrument. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.