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331.
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333.
本文根据煤矿建设项目的特点,分析了煤矿开采对建设期、运营期的主要环境影响,并在此基础上提出了煤矿建设项目环境影响评价应关注的环境问题。 相似文献
334.
A framework for analyzing climate change adaptations as actions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Klaus Eisenack Rebecca Stecker 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(3):243-260
Developing generalized theories about adaptation to climate change requires common concepts to map different adaptation situations.
The paper aims to contribute to this endeavor by presenting a novel framework that conceptualizes adaptations to climate change
as actions. The framework is intended to systematically analyze the actor relations involved in adaptations and the barriers
to their implementation. By combining established scientific action theories with terminology from the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) in an innovative way, it can be used to clarify the notion of adaptation used in adaptation assessments.
The framework’s potential is illustrated by a case study on cooling water management in the river Rhine catchment and by the
elucidation of some prominent concepts in adaptation research. We show that by framing adaptations as actions, the purpose
of adaptations and how they tend to connect up in means-ends-chains becomes crucial. Actors can take different functional
roles as exposure unit, operator and receptor of adaptation. A mismatch of these roles can lead to barriers to adaptation,
of which we deduce four types: complex actor relations, missing operators, missing means and unemployed means. The case study
yields a complex bundle of adaptations, and shows that the potential barriers involved are quite diverse. There is thus no
blueprint solution. Although we identify entry points for adaptation, the analysis leads to a skeptical conclusion for adapting
cooling water management in the whole Rhine catchment. 相似文献
335.
Ellen M. Douglas Paul H. Kirshen Michael Paolisso Chris Watson Jack Wiggin Ashley Enrici Matthias Ruth 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(5):537-562
We explored the possible future impacts of increased coastal flooding due to sea level rise and the potential adaptation responses
of two urban, environmental justice communities in the metropolitan Boston area of Massachusetts. East Boston is predominantly
a residential area with some industrial and commercial activities, particularly along the coastal fringe. Everett, a city
to the north of Boston, has a diversified industrial and commercial base. While these two communities have similar socioeconomic
characteristics, they differ substantially in the extent to which residents would be impacted by increased coastal flooding.
In East Boston, a large portion of residents would be flooded, while in Everett, it is the commercial/industrial districts
that are primarily vulnerable. Through a series of workshops with residents in each community, we found that the target populations
do not have an adaptation perspective or knowledge of any resources that could assist them in this challenge. Furthermore,
they do not feel included in the planning processes within their communities. However, a common incentive for both communities
was an intense commitment to their communities and an eagerness to learn more and become actively engaged in decisions regarding
climate change adaptation. The lessons that can be applied to other studies include 1) images are powerful tools in communicating
concepts, 2) understanding existing cultural knowledge and values in adaptation planning is essential to the planning process
and 3) engaging local residents at the beginning of the process can create important educational opportunities and develop
trust and consensus that is necessary for moving from concept to implementation. 相似文献
336.
Makino Yamada Yamanoshita Masahiro Amano 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(4):425-440
It has been recognized that the involvement of local community is essential to ensure the sustainability of A/R CDM (afforestation/reforestation
clean development mechanism) project. This study verifies if the risks of non-permanence and leakage are addressed in a registered
small scale A/R CDM project in Vietnam. Workshops, interviews, and a questionnaire survey of local villagers revealed that
the project has caused a shortage of land for conventional activities such as grazing, fuel wood collection and shifting cultivation,
and consequently posed the risks of project non-permanence and leakage. It is suggested that participation of all stakeholders
in the community to the A/R CDM project beyond existing land tenure and adequate carbon benefit sharing according to the level
of contribution to the project are required to reduce the risk of non permanence. To ensure the participation, the community
should have capability such as consensus building and collective action. Leakage would be minimized if the community has alternative
measures to the conventional activities before starting the project. We argue that it is necessary to first develop a community’s
capabilities in the readiness phase of any A/R CDM project in order to reduce the risks for the project sustainability, and
that new sources of funding are needed for this purpose. 相似文献
337.
The surface finish is critical for applications such as optics, micro-fluid flow and mechanical assembly, in which optical lenses, fluidic channels and rotating components are all required to be smooth. However, the stair-stepping effect is well known in the layer-based additive manufacturing processes, in which a three-dimensional model is approximated by a set of two-dimensional layers. Consequently the fabricated surfaces have poor surface finishes especially those that are close to the horizontal plane. In this paper, a novel approach for achieving improved surface finish is presented for the mask-image-projection-based stereolithography (MIP-SL) process. Theoretical models and parameter characterization are presented for the developed methods. Accordingly, the process planning and calibration approaches for fabricating smooth up-facing surfaces in the MIP-SL process have been developed. Multiple test cases based on various types of curved surfaces have been performed. A comparison of the build results based on the traditional and the newly developed approaches illustrates the effectiveness of our method. 相似文献
338.
Building regional priorities in forests for development and adaptation to climate change in the Congo Basin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Denis J. Sonwa Johnson N. Nkem Monica E. Idinoba Mekou Y. Bele Cyprain Jum 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(4):441-450
Indentifying common priorities in shared natural resource systems constitutes an important platform for implementing adaptation
and a major step in sharing a common responsibility in addressing climate change. Predominated by discourses on REDD + (Reduced
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of
forest carbon stocks in developing countries) with little emphasis on adaptation there is a risk of lack of policy measures
in addressing climate change in the Congo Basin. Forest products and ecosystem services provide security portfolios for the
predominantly rural communities, and play major roles in national development programmes in both revenue and employment opportunities.
Thus, raising the profile of forests in the policy arena especially in the twin roles of addressing climate change in mitigation
and adaptation and achieving resilient development is crucial. Within the framework of the Congo Basin Forests and Climate
Change Adaptation project (COFCCA) project, science policy dialogue was conducted to identify and prioritize forest based
sectors vulnerable to climate change but important to household livelihoods and national development. The goal of the prioritization
process was for the development of intervention in forest as measures for climate change adaptation in Central Africa. Participants
constituted a wide range of stakeholders (government, Non Governmental Organizations, research institutions, universities,
community leaders, private sectors etc.) as representatives from three countries directly involved in the project: Cameroon,
Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo. Building on national priorities, four forest related sectors were
identified as common priorities at the regional level for focus on climate change adaptation. These sectors included: (1)
energy with emphasis on fuel wood and Charcoal; (2) Water principally quality, quantity, accessibility, etc.; (3) Food with emphasis on Non Timber Forest Products, and (4) Health linked to healthcare products (medicinal plants). Using these prioritized sectors, the project focused on addressing the impacts of climate change on local communities and the development of adaptation strategies in the three pilot countries
of the Congo Basin region. The four sectors constitute the key for development in the region and equally considered as priority sectors in the poverty
reduction papers. Focused research on these sectors can help to inject the role of forests in national and local development
and their potentials contributions to climate change adaptation in national and public discourses. Mainstreaming forest for
climate change adaptation into national development planning is the key to improve policy coherence and effectiveness in forest
management in the region. 相似文献
339.
管道风险评价作为管道风险管理的基础,其目的是通过计算某段管道或整条管道系统的风险值对各个管段(或各条管道)进行风险排序,以识别高风险的部位,确定那些最大可能导致管道事故和有利于潜在事故预防的至关重要的因素,确定管段维护的优先次序,为维护活动经济性的决策提供依据,最终使管道的运行管理更加科学化。本文对油气管道风险评价现状及评价方法进行描述,并提出我国油气管道风险评价技术的对策。 相似文献
340.