Expansion of cropland area and formation of the eastern farming-pastoral ecotone in northern China during the twentieth century

Land cover changes induced by historical cultivation in ecologically fragile areas involving important issues such as environmental change, ecology, and human sustainability are particularly worthy of attention. This paper reconstructs the spatial distribution of cultivated areas at the county level in the eastern farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China for four time periods during the twentieth century. The paper also analyzes how the location of cultivation ratio contours of 15 and 30 %, representing the boundaries of agricultural areas, have moved and the formation process of farming-pastoral ecotone patterns during this period. The study concludes that the area and ratio of cultivated land fluctuations increased during the twentieth century. The boundaries of the cultivation ratio contours of 15 and 30 % continually moved west and north. Moving north took priority over the other directions during the period of 1916–1940, when its center moved the farthest during the twentieth century, and the boundaries primarily moved westward during 1940–1980 and northwestward during 1980–2000. The distance, direction, and extent of the movement of the cultivation boundaries are all related to agricultural area expansion processes during this period, finally resulting in the creation of the modern farming-pastoral ecotone pattern.     

林火烈度评价及其空间异质性研究进展

回顾了林火烈度评价的方法,包括单因素评价、综合评价和遥感技术的应用等;综述了林火烈度空间异质性的最新研究进展;展望了林火烈度及其空间异质性研究的未来发展趋势。     

Study on the Relationship between Tourist Influence and Residents’ Sense of Community:An Empirical Study from Changdao Countyin Shandong Province

Residents’ sense of community is an important prerequisite to promote the development of community.Tourism has significant influence on residents’ sense of community.An empirical study from Changdao shows that economy and life conflict caused by tourism can affect neighborhood-friendly and community participation significantly.Culture,environment and social services from tourism can significantly affect community association,community care and place recognition.Therefore,the regional managers should pay attention to allocate revenues in the residents fairly and protect own culture to avoid the negative impact from tourism.     

Research of the Response of Ecosystem to LUCC in Miyun County, Beijing： Based on Ecosystem Services Valuation

Miyun County,located in the northeast of Chinese capital Beijing,was underwent remarkable variations in land use in recent years.This paper aimed to detect changes in land use of Miyun from 1997 to 2005,and to qualify the response of ecosystem to LUCC based on ecosystem services valuation.With two-periods TM images,we got land use change data,and then ecosystem services values were calculated using ecosystem services valuation coefficients proposed by Chinese scholar Xie Gaodi.Results showed that water area,farm land and unused land decreased while residential land,forest land,grassland and orchard land increased during the study period.The loss of ESV was RMB 206 million and the main reason was the decrease of water area and farm land area.As for spatial variation,there were most dramatically land use change and ESV decline in reservoir ecological protection region.The coefficient sensitivity analysis indicates that valuation coefficients used in the study are suitable and results are reasonable.The driving forces of ESV loss were rapid population growth and economic development.More work should be done to make eco-environment stay healthy.     

Phenotypic variation in Ural and Siberian populations of the heath <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coenonympha amaryllis</Emphasis> (Stoll, 1782)

Phenotypic variation in the widespread Siberian and Mongolian butterfly species Coenonympha amaryllis (Stoll, 1782), an indicator of undisturbed steppe communities, is analyzed. It is shown that its size variation is influenced by a complex of climatic factors, the most important of them being the average starting date of the frost-free period and average annual temperature in the region. Longitude-dependent variation in size is described by a “sawtooth curve” characteristic of species with changing voltinism.     

Comparative analysis of small mammal communities in Chisinau and Yaroslavl, two European cities located in different biomes

Comparative analysis of the structure of small mammal communities has been performed in two European cities located in different biomes: Chisinau (2008?C2009) and Yaroslavl (1994?C2002). The parameters studied included abundance, species composition, similarity and difference of faunas, species diversity, and proportions of groups differing in predisposition to synanthropy. It has been found that the structure of small mammal communities in these cities depends on specific physiographic conditions of the surrounding areas and on the distinctive features of the cities themselves (their structure, age, etc.). The similarity between the faunas is accounted for by the common ecological patterns of fauna formation in the biota of urban cenoses.     

集中排烟公路隧道入口段火灾下诱导风速研究

为研究集中排烟模式下公路隧道入口段发生火灾时的合理诱导风速,以某公路隧道为背景,运用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS对隧道人口段火灾时不同坡度、不同诱导风速的16组火灾工况进行模拟研究,通过对各工况下隧道内的温度场分布及烟气控制效果模拟结果的分析,得到了各工况下的合理诱导风速,研究结果可为公路隧道集中排烟系统关键设计参数提供参考.     

The Relationship between the Quantity of Heavy Metal and PAHs in Fly Ash

ABSTRACT

Heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in flue gas have received considerable attention in recent years due to their mutagenic or carcinogenic properties. The present study is carried out to investigate the influence of the quantity of heavy metals on PAHs formation in fly ash.

A fluidized bed incinerator was used in this experiment to obtain fly ash of chemical similarity by incinerating various compositions of waste. The obtained fly ash, both with and without heavy metal, were used to adsorb the PAHs in the flue gas and to investigate the formation of PAHs in fly ash. The results indicate that carbon and heavy metals most greatly influence the formation of PAHs in the fly ash. Carbon is absorptive; heavy metals encourage not only absorption of PAHs but also catalyze PAHs formation.     

基于EFDC和WASP模型的突发水污染事故影响的预测预警

近年来,我国突发水污染事故频发。长江作为我国最重要的水源地,其水质安全受到沿江众多化工企业可能突发污染事故的威胁。因此,开展南京化工园突发水污染事故影响的预测预警研究意义重大。基于EFDC和WASP模型,建立了南京化工园突发水污染事故影响的预测模型,并以龙翔甲苯罐区泄漏为例进行了事故情景模拟。研究表明：所建的预测模型能够对南京化工园突发水污染事故后污染物的水环境行为进行快速的模拟和预测,并且能够在地理信息系统的图层上以动画的形式实时展示事故影响的范围和程度,可以为南京化工园突发水污染事故的预警应急提供决策依据;基于EFDC构建的二维水动力模型能够较为准确地反映研究区的水动力情况;事故情景中排放的甲苯在研究江段能够较快地稀释扩散,挥发作用对甲苯的衰减过程影响显著,平水期比枯水期更有利于水体中甲苯的衰减     

Noninvasive molecular genetic analysis in studying the ecology of the snow leopard: Problems and prospects

Molecular genetic methods were used to perform the species and individual identification of 117 samples of hair and feces of carnivores collected in natural habitats. The species were identified for 85.5% of the samples. The analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene was used to identify the samples of hair and feces of snow leopards (Uncia uncia, 40%), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes, 48%), wolves (Canis lupus, 6%), and lynx (Lynx lynx, 5%). The analysis of eight microsatellite loci allowed the genotypes of 13 snow leopards to be described. The sex of 11 animals was identified.