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81.
82.
The present study assesses the sustainability of ethanol produced from sugarcane and examines the environmental feasibility of a large-scale production through the use of: fossil fuel embodied energy and Emergy Assessment including farm and industrial production phases. The study indicates that about 1.82 kg of topsoil eroded, 18.4 l of water and 1.52 m2 of land are needed to produce 1 l of ethanol from sugarcane. Also, 0.28 kg of CO2 is released per liter of ethanol produced. The energy content of ethanol is 8.2 times greater than the fossil-based energy required to produce it. The transformity of ethanol is about the same as those calculated for fossil fuels. The Renewability of ethanol is 30%, a very low value; other emergy indices indicate important environmental impacts as well as natural resources consumption. The results obtained indicate that sugarcane and ethanol production present low renewability when a large-scale system is adopted. 相似文献
83.
Dolores Reyman Adrián Saiz Bermejo Inmaculada Ramirez Uceda Miguel Rodriguez Gamero 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2014,12(1):235-240
New renewable fuels are urgently needed due to increasing fossil fuel pollution. Biodiesel, which contains alkyl esters produced by transesterification of oils, is an alternative fuel. Nevertheless, the main problem of biodiesel is its high price. Costs can be reduced by replacement of the current homogeneous catalysts by heterogeneous catalysts; however, research for new catalysts is actually slowed by lengthy analytical techniques. Here, we set up a simple and rapid analytical method using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) to monitor transesterification. Conversion of sunflower and recycled cooking oils to their corresponding methyl esters was easily measured using a linear correlation between the intensity of an infrared peak at 1,437 cm?1 and the percent conversion. The results obtained by infrared were validated by gas chromatography. We also studied the effect of 20 kHz ultrasonic irradiation on biodiesel synthesis. Using our FTIR method, we found that replacing mechanical stirring with an ultrasonic probe leads to quality biodiesel in 10 min for sunflower oil and 20 min for recycled cooking oil. 相似文献
84.
Garrido I. Ortega A. Hernández M. Fernández-Pozo L. Cabezas J. Espinosa F. 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2021,43(4):1367-1383
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Antimony is a toxic element whose concentration in soil and water has been rising due to anthropogenic activities. This study focuses on its accumulation in... 相似文献
85.
Trace amounts of heavy metals have been analysed by electrochemical techniques in ecstasy tablets obtained from different police seizures in Spain. Lead, cadmium, copper and zinc were determined by differential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode, whereas nickel and cobalt were determined by adsorptive differential-pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry from their dimethylglyoxime complexes, M(DMG)2. The performance of the procedure was compared with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedure was applied to the determination of these elements in nine ecstasy samples, finding that Zn is the element present in the highest concentration, ranging from 0.3 to 200?mg?kg?1, Ni, Cu appear below 15?mg?kg?1 and Pb below 8?mg?kg?1, while Cd and Co levels were always lower than 0.51?mg?kg?1. 相似文献
86.
M. Dolores Basallote Araceli Rodríguez-Romero Manoela R. De Orte T. Ángel DelValls Inmaculada Riba 《Chemistry and Ecology》2018,34(1):1-21
Carbon capture and storage has become a new mitigation option to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The effects of the CO2-related acidification, associated with unpredictable leaks of CO2 during the operational phases were studied using the Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin-liquid-phase-assays (fertilisation and embryo-larval development tests). Besides to the direct effects of the CO2-associated pH decrease, the possible effects on marine sediment toxicity were studied by exposing the urchin larvae to elutriate of sediments with different metals concentration, which were subjected to various pH treatments. The resulted median toxic effect pH ranged from 6.33?±?0.02 and 6.91?±?0.01 for the egg fertilisation, and between 6.66?±?0.03 and 7.16?±?0.01 for the larval development assays. Concentrations of Co, Zn, As, Cu, and Fe were detected in the sediment elutriates. For all the sediment elutriates tested the amount of the dissolved Zn increased in parallel with the pH reductions. Correlated effects of acidification, biological response, and the presence of dissolved metals were observed in this work evidencing that the most important factor controlling the reduction of egg fertilisation and larval development success was the combined effects of the reduction of pH and the presence of the contaminants (mainly Zn, Co, and As). 相似文献
87.
Investigation at the scene of a crime begins with the search for clues. In the case of bloodstains, the most frequently used
reagents are luminol and reduced phenolphthalein (or phenolphthalin that is also known as the Kastle–Meyer colour test). The
limitations of these reagents have been studied and are well known. Household cleaning products have evolved with the times,
and new products with active oxygen are currently widely used, as they are considered to be highly efficient at removing all
kinds of stains on a wide range of surfaces. In this study, we investigated the possible effects of these new cleaning products
on latent bloodstains that may be left at a scene of a crime. To do so, various fabrics were stained with blood and then washed
using cleaning agents containing active oxygen. The results of reduced phenolphthalein, luminol and human haemoglobin tests
on the washed fabrics were negative. The conclusion is that these new products alter blood to such an extent that it can no
longer be detected by currently accepted methods employed in criminal investigations. This inability to locate bloodstains
means that highly important evidence (e.g. a DNA profile) may be lost. Consequently, it is important that investigators are
aware of this problem so as to compensate for it.
相似文献
Fernando Verdú (Corresponding author)Email: |
88.
Slimanou Houssam Baziz Amina Bouzidi Nedjima Quesada Dolores Eliche Tahakourt Abdelkader 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(18):26792-26809
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aim of this study was to recycle dredged sediments as an alternative raw material in the production of ceramic tiles. The effect of the... 相似文献
89.
Nick Hahlbeck William R. Tinniswood Matthew R. Sloat Jordan D. Ortega Matthew A. Wyatt Mark E. Hereford Ben S. Ramirez David A. Crook Kara J. Anlauf-Dunn Jonathan B. Armstrong 《Conservation biology》2022,36(3):e13857
A central tenet of landscape ecology is that mobile species depend on complementary habitats, which are insufficient in isolation, but combine to support animals through the full annual cycle. However, incorporating the dynamic needs of mobile species into conservation strategies remains a challenge, particularly in the context of climate adaptation planning. For cold-water fishes, it is widely assumed that maximum temperatures are limiting and that summer data alone can predict refugia and population persistence. We tested these assumptions in populations of redband rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss newberrii) in an arid basin, where the dominance of hot, hyperproductive water in summer emulates threats of climate change predicted for cold-water fish in other basins. We used telemetry to reveal seasonal patterns of movement and habitat use. Then, we compared contributions of hot and cool water to growth with empirical indicators of diet and condition (gut contents, weight–length ratios, electric phase angle, and stable isotope signatures) and a bioenergetics model. During summer, trout occurred only in cool tributaries or springs (<20 °C) and avoided Upper Klamath Lake (>25 °C). During spring and fall, ≥65% of trout migrated to the lake (5–50 km) to forage. Spring and fall growth (mean [SD] 0.58% per day [0.80%] and 0.34 per day [0.55%], respectively) compensated for a net loss of energy in cool summer refuges (–0.56% per day [0.55%]). In winter, ≥90% of trout returned to tributaries (25–150 km) to spawn. Thus, although perennially cool tributaries supported thermal refuge and spawning, foraging opportunities in the seasonally hot lake ultimately fueled these behaviors. Current approaches to climate adaptation would prioritize the tributaries for conservation but would devalue critical foraging habitat because the lake is unsuitable and unoccupied during summer. Our results empirically demonstrate that warm water can fuel cold-water fisheries and challenge the common practice of identifying refugia based only on summer conditions. 相似文献