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71.
Ruhul A. Khan Stephane Salmieri Dominic Dussault Nathalie Tufenkji Jorge Uribe-Calderon Musa R. Kamal Agnes Safrany Monique Lacroix 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2012,20(1):43-52
Chitosan (0.1–1%, w/w), dissolved in 2% acetic acid solution, was added into 1% methylcellulose (MC)-based formulation containing
0.5% vegetable oil, 0.25% glycerol and 0.025% Tween?80. Films were prepared by casting. Puncture strength (PS), puncture deformation (PD), viscoelasticity coefficient and water
vapour permeability (WVP) of the films were measured. The PS value of 312 N/mm was observed for MC-based films containing
0.25% chitosan. Values of PD, viscoelasticity coefficient and WVP of these films were 5.0 mm, 44.1%, and 6.0 g mm/m2 day kPa, respectively. The MC-based films containing 0.25% chitosan were also exposed to gamma radiation (0.5–50 kGy). The
PS of the treated films decreased significantly from 312 at 0 kGy to 201 N/mm when treated at a dose of 50 kGy. However, WVP
values were not affected by increasing irradiation the dose used. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy supported the
molecular interactions due to addition of chitosan in MC-based films. Thermo gravimetric analysis and differential scanning
calorimetric experiments showed that thermal properties of the films were significantly improved by chitosan loading. Surface
topography of the films was studied by scanning electron microscopy and found rougher due to chitosan addition. 相似文献
72.
Stefanie Jacob Andreas Dötsch Sarah Knoll Heinz-R. Köhler Eike Rogall Dominic Stoll Selina Tisler Carolin Huhn Thomas Schwartz Christian Zwiener Rita Triebskorn 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2018,30(1):48
Background
Due to the rising number of type 2 diabetes patients, the antidiabetic drug, metformin is currently among those pharmaceuticals with the highest consumption rates worldwide. Via sewage-treatment plants, metformin enters surface waters where it is frequently detected in low concentrations (µg/L). Since possible adverse effects of this substance in aquatic organisms have been insufficiently explored to date, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of metformin on health and development in brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) and its microbiome.Results
Brown trout embryos were exposed to 0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 µg/L metformin over a period from 48 days post fertilisation (dpf) until 8 weeks post-yolk sac consumption at 7 °C (156 dpf) and 11 °C (143 dpf). Chemical analyses in tissues of exposed fish showed the concentration-dependent presence of metformin in the larvae. Mortality, embryonic development, body length, liver tissue integrity, stress protein levels and swimming behaviour were not influenced. However, compared to the controls, the amount of hepatic glycogen was higher in larvae exposed to metformin, especially in fish exposed to the lowest metformin concentration of 1 µg/L, which is environmentally relevant. At higher metformin concentrations, the glycogen content in the liver showed a high variability, especially for larvae exposed to 1000 µg/L metformin. Furthermore, the body weight of fish exposed to 10 and 100 µg/L metformin at 7 °C and to 1 µg/L metformin at 11 °C was decreased compared with the respective controls. The results of the microbiome analyses indicated a shift in the bacteria distribution in fish exposed to 1 and 10 µg/L metformin at 7 °C and to 100 µg/L metformin at 11 °C, leading to an increase of Proteobacteria and a reduction of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria.Conclusions
Overall, weight reduction and the increased glycogen content belong to the described pharmaceutical effects of the drug in humans, but this study showed that they also occur in brown trout larvae. The impact of a shift in the intestinal microbiome caused by metformin on the immune system and vitality of the host organism should be the subject of further research before assessing the environmental relevance of the pharmaceutical.73.
Vyverman W Verleyen E Sabbe K Vanhoutte K Sterken M Hodgson DA Mann DG Juggins S Van de Vijver B Jones V Flower R Roberts D Chepurnov VA Kilroy C Vanormelingen P De Wever A 《Ecology》2007,88(8):1924-1931
There is a long-standing belief that microbial organisms have unlimited dispersal capabilities, are therefore ubiquitous, and show weak or absent latitudinal diversity gradients. In contrast, using a global freshwater diatom data set, we show that latitudinal gradients in local and regional genus richness are present and highly asymmetric between both hemispheres. Patterns in regional richness are explained by the degree of isolation of lake districts, while the number of locally coexisting diatom genera is highly constrained by the size of the regional diatom pool, habitat availability, and the connectivity between habitats within lake districts. At regional to global scales, historical factors explain significantly more of the observed geographic patterns in genus richness than do contemporary environmental conditions. Together, these results stress the importance of dispersal and migration in structuring diatom communities at regional to global scales. Our results are consistent with predictions from the theory of island biogeography and metacommunity concepts and likely underlie the strong provinciality and endemism observed in the relatively isolated diatom floras in the Southern Hemisphere. 相似文献