地铁隧道电缆阴燃时优化通风的数值模拟

地铁隧道电缆阴燃火灾相比明燃火灾,具有更高的隐蔽性和更大的危害性。根据地铁隧道电缆的阴燃特点,采用数值模拟方法,对阴燃电缆热解产物在不同通风模式下的毒害性分布进行研究。结果表明,隧道断面2 m/s的送风风速并不能最大程度地确保疏散人员的安全,而与列车驶入时刻满足三次多项式关系的最优送风风速,可以使列车内安全距离达到最大,且不会影响到人员的安全疏散。     

中国水污染防治40年回顾与展望

改革开放40多年来,我国水污染防治工作取得巨大成效。本文通过回顾我国水污染防治发展历程和总结不同阶段我国流域水污染防治工作特点,提出了面向2035年水生态环境保护的管理建议,以期为2035年美丽中国水环境建设提供参考。     

粮食损失研究进展和展望

我国人多地少,粮食安全事关国家安全。因此,在重视增产的同时,需要不断关注粮食损失问题。通过回顾现有粮食损失的研究,总结文献中提出的重要问题,展望未来可能的研究方向。分析表明,现有研究主要集中在：（1）减少粮食损失的目的和效果的研究。包括增加粮食供给、保障国家安全,减少不必要的资源浪费、减轻环境压力,保障粮食质量、保证食品安全,以及增加粮食价值链参与者的利润等。（2）粮食产后各环节损失水平估计及其影响因素研究。 （3）减少粮食损失的方法研究,包括品种改良、教育培训、改进储存设施等。在对现有研究综述的基础上,提出了几点展望：未来的研究应向粮食价值链下游环节拓展,对粮食质量损失程度进行定量分析,并关注粮食的最优损失水平。     

Nitrate removal from aqueous solutions by magnetic cationic hydrogel: Effect of electrostatic adsorption and mechanism

Excessive nitrate(NO_3~-) is among the most problematic surface water and groundwater pollutants.In this study,a type of magnetic cationic hydrogel(MCH) is employed for NO_3~-adsorption and well characterized herein.Its adsorption capacity is considerably pHdependent and achieves the optimal adsorption(maximum NO_3~--adsorption capacity is95.88±1.24 mg/g) when the pH level is 5.2-8.8.The fitting result using the homogeneous surface diffusion model indicates that the surface/film diffusion controls the adsorption rate,and NO_3~-approaches the center of MCH particles within 30 min.The diffusion coefficient(D_s) and external mass transfer coefficient(k_F) in the liquid phase are1.15 × 10~(-6) cm~2/min and 4.5 × 10~(-6) cm/min,respectively.The MCH is employed to treat surface water that contains 10 mg/L of NO_3~-,and it is found that the optimal magnetic separation time is 1.6 min.The high-efficiency mass transfer and magnetic separation of MCH during the adsorption-regeneration process favors its application in surface water treatment.Furthermore,the study of the mechanism involved reveals that both-N~+(CH_3)_3 groups and NO_3~-are convoluted in adsorption via electrostatic interactions.It is further found that ion exchange between NO_3~-and chlorine occurs.     

Observation of chemical components of PM2.5 and secondary inorganic aerosol formation during haze and sandy haze days in Zhengzhou, China

Mineral dust particles play an important role in the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, which largely contribute to haze pollution in China.During this study, a haze episode(haze days) and a typical haze process mixed with sandstorm(sandy haze days)were observed in Zhengzhou with a series of high-time-resolution monitoring instruments from November 22 to December 8, 2018.Concentrations of PM_(10) and crustal elements clearly increased in the sandy haze days.Concentrations of gaseous pollutants, metallic elements emitted from anthropogenic sources, nitrate, and ammonium during sandy haze days were slightly lower than those during the haze days but still obviously higher than those during the non-haze days.The sulfate concentrations, the sulfate fractions in PM_(2.5),and the sulfur oxidation ratios significantly increased in the sandy haze days.Heterogeneous reactions dominated the conversion of SO_2 during the haze and sandy haze days.Enhanced SO_2 conversion during the sandy haze days may be attributed to the high concentrations of transition metal ions from the sandstorm when the values of relative humidity(RH) were in 30%–70%, and high O_3 at certain time points.Gas-phase NO_2 oxidation reactions were the main pathways for nitrate formation.In the sandy haze days,higher nitrogen oxidation ratio(NOR) at daytime may be associated with higher RH and lower temperature than those in the haze days, which facilitate the gas-to-particle partitioning of nitrate; higher NOR values at night may be attributed to the higher O_3 concentrations, which promoted the formation of N_2O_5.     

非常规天然气采出水处理现状及建议

介绍了非常规天然气采出水水质特点与回用要求,分析了预处理、二级处理、脱盐处理等单元的技术研究进展与潜在问题。分析认为:非常规天然气采出水水质复杂,呈现高COD、高TDS、高硬度、高氯化物等水质特征;针对有机物脱除难题,需进一步开发耐盐催化氧化技术、耐盐生化技术和高效抗污染膜浓缩新工艺;脱盐处理等单元应通过高级氧化工艺进一步降低有机物含量,促进浓缩结晶系统的稳定运行和结晶盐的资源化。     

中国滨海旅游生态创新水平测度及其影响因素分析

研究从经济社会、资源环境、生态的角度,通过改进系统工程中的集对分析方法,构建指标体系,对我国沿海地区主要省（市）滨海旅游业的生态创新以及其分项要素的总体水平进行综合测度。在评价结果的基础上,运用地理加权回归模型,分析滨海旅游生态创新水平的影响因素及其空间差异。结果表明我国沿海省（市）滨海旅游生态创新的总体水平较低,并呈现出明显的空间差异性;就其影响因素而言,工业污染治理投资、海洋科研经费收入、旅游总收入占第三产业的比重、旅游企业个数与生态创新水平呈正相关关系,旅游总收入及旅游总人数与生态创新水平呈负相关关系;影响因素的空间差异方面,旅游总收入、旅游收入占第三产业比重、海洋科研经费收入、旅游总人数对生态创新水平的影响程度由南到北递增,工业污染治理投资、旅游企业个数的影响程度大致形成以东部为核心,向南北扩散的趋势。     

郑州市少数民族运动会期间O3及VOCs污染特征的演变和评估

基于近地面观测的常规污染六参数、气象数据和在线VOCs数据,以臭氧及其前体物VOCs为研究重点,评估了民运会期间采取的污染管控措施对郑州市空气质量的影响.结果表明,2019年民运会管控期间污染物六参数相较上年同期均呈现降低趋势,其中PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度分别降低了16.2%和25.1%,但是臭氧日最大8 h浓度均值的降幅仅为3.7%,且臭氧为首要污染物的天数超过90%.就臭氧前体物VOCs而言,民运会期间PAMS浓度（26.21×10^-9）低于历史同期;利用PMF模型解析出6个因子,依次为机动车尾气（28%）、LPG（21%）、燃烧（16%）、工业（15%）、溶剂（15%）和植物排放（5%）;空气保障期间,对燃烧源和工业源的管控较为明显.