SoundPLAN在交通噪声对住宅小区影响评价中的应用

采用实测法对小区内的代表性点位进行噪声监测,并记录主要道路的车流量,将实测的车流量及道路相关参数输入到SoundPLAN预测软件中进行预测,计算预测值与实测值的差值。结果表明,偏差在2.8 dB(A)以内说明该软件可以用于交通噪声对住宅小区的噪声影响预测。用SoundPLAN预测软件绘制了住宅小区的平面和横截面声等值线图,形象的表达了交通噪声对住宅小区的影响。     

单壁碳纳米管致昆明小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤

单壁碳纳米管(single walled carbon nanotubes,SWCNTs)是纳米材料研究关注的焦点之一.尽管如此,关于其神经毒性的研究相对较少.本研究将SWCNTs以不同的浓度(0 mg·kg-1·d-1,3.125 mg·kg-1·d-1,6.25 mg·kg-1·d-1,12.5 mg·kg-1·d-1),通过腹腔注射于Kunming小鼠体内.神经行为学实验(旷场实验)结果表明,在一定浓度的SWCNTs作用下,小鼠的情绪受到一定的影响,具有抑郁症的特征,出现移动能力下降,紧张等现象.同时小鼠脑部组织的活性氧族(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平升高(p0.05),还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)水平降低(p0.05),炎症因子白介素-1β(interleukin-1 beta,IL-1β)的水平升高(p0.05).组织学观察显示,随着染毒浓度的升高,脑海马锥体细胞的空泡化程度愈加明显,着色不均,锥体细胞顶状树突逐渐消失,细胞排列松散,尼氏小体消失.结论:一定浓度的SWCNTs可以导致小鼠脑组织发生病变,产生一定的神经毒性.     

硫磺回收装置腐蚀原因及防护措施

针对国内硫磺回收装置实际生产中存在的设备腐蚀问题,根据不同的腐蚀机理进行了腐蚀分类,分析了腐蚀原因并提出了具体的防护措施.     

Study on fractions of adsorbed Pb and Cd onto natural surface coatings

The speciation and extent of migration of adsorbed Pb and Cd in natural surface coatings (NSCs) were investigated using sequential extraction procedure to provide an understanding of distribution of the adsorbed Pb and Cd. Extractions were conducted on NSCs before and after Pb and Cd adsorption treatment under controlled laboratory conditions with initial Pb and Cd concentrations ranging from 0.2-2.5 mol/l. The Langmuir adsorption isotherms were applied to estimate equilibrium coefficients of Pb and Cd adsorption to NSCs components. The results showed that 58.50% of adsorbed Pb in average existed in tightly adsorbed form, and the remaining Pb was mostly present as solid oxides/hydroxides (34.00%) and exchangeable and soluble form (7.50%) in NSCs, respectively. Large amount of adsorbed Cd (70.51% in average) was present in exchangeable and soluble form, following a decreasing order in tightly adsorbed form (18.61%), solid oxides/hydroxides (9.87%), and easily oxidizable solids/compounds (1.01%), respectively. No Cd was found in strongly held oxides and precipitates. Compared to the distribution of adsorbed Pb in NSCs, Cd distribution showed that less migration of Cd from exchangeable and soluble form to solid oxides/hydroxides after adsorbed to NSCs, indicating fewer sites for Cd to adsorb to NSCs and less affinity of Cd to the NSCs. These percent distributions of metals provided an additional interpretation to that Pb adsorption to the NSCs greater than that of Cd, less retention of Cd than that of Pb and less roles attributed for Pb/Cd adsorption by organic materials in NSCs, which were observed based on the selective extraction techniques in the independent investigations.     

Influence of cadmium on antioxidant capacity and four microelement concentrations in tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings were grown in four cadmium (Cd) levels of 0-10 microM in a hydroponic system to analyze the antioxidative enzymes, Cd concentration in the plants, and the interaction between Cd and four microelements. The results showed that there was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in the plants subjected to 1-10 microM Cd. This indicates that Cd stress induces an oxidative stress response in tomato plants, characterized by an accumulation of MDA and increase in activities of SOD and POD. Root, stem and leaf Cd concentrations increased with its exposure Cd level, and the highest Cd concentration occurred in roots, followed by leaves and stems. A concentration- and tissue-dependent response was found in the four microelement concentrations to Cd stress in the tomato leaves, stems and roots. Regression analysis showed that there was a significantly negative correlation between Cd and Mn, implying the antagonistic effect of Cd on Mn absorption and translocation. The correlation between Cd and Zn, Cu and Fe were inconsistent among leaves, stems and roots.     

Effects of metsulfuron-methyl on the microbial population and enzyme activities in wheat rhizosphere soil

The effects of metsulfuron-methyl, a sulfonylurea herbicide, on the wheat soil microorganisms were evaluated by the methods of microbial inoculation culture, and the activities of three enzymes were measured using the colorimetric method. The tolerant microorganisms that can resist 500 microg x g(-1) metsulfuron-methyl in the counting culture medium were studied specially. Metsulfuron-methyl distinctly inhibited the common aerobic heterotriphic bacteria, but the effects on common fungi and common actinomycete were not evident. In the meantime, the number of tolerant fungi increased greatly in the rhizosphere after the application of metsulfuron-methyl in contrast to the significant decrease of the amount of tolerant actinomycete. It indicates that fungi might turn into the dominant microbial type and actinomycete is the sensitive factor in the soil polluted by sulfonylurea residues. The population of aromatic compounds-decomposing bacteria, aerobic azotobacter, and nitrite bacteria all increased in the earlier period, but the aerobic azotobacter decreased rapidly in number 30 days later, and the amount of nitrite bacteria also showed a temporary decrease with time 15 days later. However, the denitrifying bacteria just began to increase significantly after the crops had grown for 50 days. The amount of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria gradually decreased with the growth of crops, and so were the sulfate-reducing bacteria after metsulfuron-methyl application. To all types of microorganisms, there were more microbes in rhizosphere samples than those in nonrhizosphere except aerobic azotobacter. It means the growth of wheat root system can stimulate the growth of most microorganisms. The activities of hydrogen peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in soil samples after metsulfuron-methyl application were notably lower than those in the control, and the difference of the activities between the samples of rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere was evident. On the contrary, the activity of dehydrogenase was not inhibited by the application of metsulfuron-methyl, and the rhizosphere effect was not obvious either.     

典型区域历史遗留土壤污染问题及其综合防治研究

土壤污染是历史遗留环境问题的众多表现形式之一.土壤污染引发的土壤环境质量恶化,直接影响到人居环境安全、人体健康和社会稳定.本文通过对贵州铜仁汞矿产历史遗留问题区域土壤污染综合防治方案的分析研究,明确了土壤污染综合防治原则,并分别给出了实现污染源控制、土壤污染修复治理以及农产品安全与环境健康监管的路线图,为其它历史遗留问题区编制和实施土壤污染综合防治规划提供参考.     

次氯酸钠氧化预处理草甘膦生产废水

利用次氯酸钠对草甘膦生产废水进行预处理，废水ｐＨ对处理效果影响不大，可将次氯酸钠直接投入到原碱性废水中，在其用量相当理论量的４０％、氧化时间为４ｈ时，草甘膦的去除率为９８％。预处理后的废水对厌氧消化过程不再产生抑制作用。     

基于神经网络的煤矿底板突水预测

阐述了运用人工神经网络建立煤矿底板突水预测模型的思路与方法,并以山东国家庄煤矿为例,对该方法的合理性和准确性进行了验证．研究表明,利用人工神经网络建立非线性系统的预测模型,具有自学习、自适应、精度高等显著优点．     

我国洪涝灾害规律的研究

系统地分析了我国洪灾形成的原因、时空上的规律以及现今防洪存在的一些问题, 最后提出了防洪减灾的若干对策