Development of a model to simulate soil heavy metals lateral migration quantity based on SWAT in Huanjiang watershed, China

Lateral transportation of soil heavy metals in rainfall events could significantly increase the scope of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model with high accuracy to simulate the migration quantity of heavy metals. A model for heavy metal migration simulation was developed based on the SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. This model took into consideration the influence of soil p H value, soil particle size, runoff volume, sediment amount,concentration of water-soluble heavy metals dissolved in runoff and insoluble absorbed to the soil particles. This model was reasonable in Huanjiang watershed, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, south China, covering an area of 273 km~2. The optimal drainage area threshold was determined by analyzing the effects of watershed subdivision on the simulation results to ensure the simulation accuracy. The main conclusions of this paper were:(1) watershed subdivision could affect simulation migration quantity of heavy metals;(2) the quantity of heavy metals transported by sediment accounted for 97%–99% of the total migration quantity in the study watershed. Therefore, sediment played the most important role in heavy metal migration;(3) the optimal drainage area threshold percentage to ensure high simulation accuracy was determined to be 2.01% of the total watershed;(4) with the optimal threshold percentage, this model could simulate the migration quantity of As, Pb and Cd accurately at the total watershed and subwatershed level. The results of this paper were useful for identifying the key regions with heavy metal migration.     

Highly catalytic activity of Mn/SBA-15 catalysts for toluene combustion improved by adjusting the morphology of supports

Rod-like, hexagonal and fiber-like SBA-15 mesoporous silicas were synthesized to support MnO_x for toluene oxidation. This study showed that the morphology of the supports greatly influenced the catalytic activity in toluene oxidation. MnO_x supported on rod-like SBA-15(R-SBA-15) displayed the best catalytic activity and the conversion at 230°C reached more than 90%, which was higher than the other two catalysts. MnO_x species consisted of coexisting MnO_2 and Mn_2O_3 on the three kinds of SBA-15 samples. Large amounts of Mn_2O_3 species were formed on the surface and high oxygen mobility was obtained on MnO_x supported on R-SBA-15, according to the H_2 temperature programmed reduction(H_2-TPR)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) results. The Mn/R-SBA-15 catalyst with greater amounts of Mn_2O_3 species possessed a large amount of surface lattice oxygen, which accelerated the catalytic reaction rate. Therefore, the surface lattice oxygen and high oxygen mobility were critical factors on the catalytic activity of the Mn/R-SBA-15 catalyst.     

基于动态时间弯曲算法的核电厂瞬态识别方法研究

目的对核电厂运行瞬态识别进行有效识别。方法基于动态时间弯曲算法,计算运行瞬态中温度、压力和流速数据与设计瞬态中对应数据之间的相似程度,通过定义等效相似度反应温度、压力和流速的不同权重。在完成当前运行瞬态与各条设计瞬态之间的相似程度后,通过比较相似度值,将运行瞬态归类为设计瞬态。结果通过对"华龙一号"核电厂的设计瞬态和基于设计瞬态摄动获得的虚拟运行瞬态进行验证,文中提出的方法能够快速有效地对运行瞬态进行分类,结果显示,有95%以上的运行瞬态能够被正确识别。结论基于动态时间弯曲算法和等效相似度建立的瞬态识别方法具有高效、准确等优点,能够有效应用于核电厂的疲劳监测系统。     

ClO2消毒工艺对污水处理厂出水超级耐药基因的影响

为了研究二氧化氯（chlorine dioxide,ClO₂）消毒工艺对污水处理厂出水中超级耐药基因（super antibiotic resistance genes,SARGs）的去除效果,对污水处理厂出水消毒前后的水样进行了全年采集,并采用微孔滤膜正压过滤法及核酸吸附柱-洗脱法分别富集水中细菌和胞外核酸后,利用荧光定量PCR技术对其中的9种SARGs进行定量检测.结果表明,无论是胞内还是胞外核酸,均有NDM-1、MCR-1 和MEC-A被检测出;同时,ClO₂消毒后上述3种SARGs的胞内相对总浓度明显上升（P<0.05）,且ClO₂消毒对胞内SARGs相对浓度的影响与季节有关,其中春季、夏季和秋季均发生上升,且春季升高最为明显,达2倍,而冬季出水在消毒前后均未测出胞内SARGs;胞外SARGs则在ClO₂消毒前后没有明显浓度变化.因此,ClO₂消毒不能有效去除污水处理厂出水中胞内和胞外SARGs污染.     

氮和氧同位素示踪伊洛河河水硝酸盐来源及转化过程

河流硝酸盐(NO^-₃)浓度及氮和氧同位素组成(δ¹⁵N-NO^-₃和δ¹⁸O-NO^-₃)可以辨识河水NO^-₃受自然过程和人为输入的影响,但流域不同土地利用方式对河水NO^-₃来源及转化过程的影响尚不明确,特别是山区人为输入对河水NO^-₃的影响仍不清楚.选择土地利用空间异质性显著的伊河和洛河作为研究对象,借助水体水化学组成,氢氧同位素(δD-H₂O和δ¹⁸O-H₂O)、δ¹⁵N-NO^-₃和δ¹⁸O-NO^-₃,辨识不同土地利用方式影响下河水NO^-₃来源及...     

西安市大气降水的主要化学组分及其来源

为认识西安市大气降水主要化学组分的现状,对2019年西安市市区和郊区大气降水样品的pH值、电导率、水溶性离子和重金属的质量浓度、湿沉降通量和来源进行了研究.结果表明,西安市冬季大气降水pH、电导率、水溶性离子和重金属浓度均高于其它季节.降水中主要的水溶性离子为Ca²⁺、 NH⁺₄、 SO■和NO^-₃,其之和占总离子浓度的(88.5±2.8)%;市区和郊区主要重金属是Zn和Fe、 Zn和Mn,其之和分别占总金属浓度的(54.0%±3)%和(47.0%±8)%.市区和郊区降水中水溶性离子的湿沉降通量分别为(253.2±58.4)mg·(m²·month)^-1和(241.9±61.1)mg·(m²·month)^-1,呈现出冬季高于其他季节的特点;重金属的湿沉降通量分别为(86.2±37.5)mg·(m²·month)^-1和(88.1±37.4)mg·(m...     

中国水资源管理需要新思维--中国工程院院士王浩访谈录

包括中国的3.2亿人口在内,目前世界上有11亿人口无法得到安全饮用水,而在可供水不断减少的同时,全球对水的需求量仍在不断增加.3月22日,在墨西哥闭幕的“世界水资源论坛”上,联合国就此再次发出警告.     

室内环境安全的绿色预警

广东省室内空气污染现状呈现以有机物污染为主等六大特征，室内空气污染势头有加重的趋势，人居室内环境安全问题不容忽视。     

野生与栽培大别山五针松小枝功能性状变异特征

木本植物小枝功能性状及其变异性是反映植物环境适应性的重要指标。濒危植物大别山五针松(Pinus dabeshanensis)野生型和栽培型种群长期生长在不同生境，其小枝功能性状是否具有显著差异性尚不清楚。以安徽岳西县和金寨县大别山区分布的2个野生和2个栽培种群为研究对象，通过野外调查取样对比分析了不同种群小枝形态、生物量及含水量等12个功能性状的差异性及其协变特征。结果表明：小枝性状变异系数在0.054~0.419之间，野生型一般高于栽培型。小枝性状在不同种群间均有显著差异，其中栽培幼株小枝的茎直径、茎截面积、分枝数、胸径、针叶长度、茎生物量和小枝总生物量均最低，但其茎长和叶茎比最大；栽培成株的茎直径、截面积及茎、叶含水量最高；岳西野生型植株小枝最短而其他性状处中等水平；金寨野生型植株针叶最长但茎含水量、叶生物量及叶茎比最小。不同种群小枝性状协变特征不尽相同，但有8个性状在不同种群间表现出相同的协变趋势。因此，不同生境下大别山五针松小枝功能性状虽然具有较强的变异性，但其协变关系具有一定的种内保守性。     

Analysis of China''s Water Security and Virtual Water Trade

Producing goods and services all needs water consumption. The water used in the process of an agricultural or industrial product is called the "Virtual Water" contained in this product.Through international trade, water-scarce countries and regions could purchase water-intensive products--especially foods, from water-rich countries to balance their water deficits and achieve water safety. China is one of the 13 most water-deficit countries whose water safety have been severely challenged. This paper generalized the recent global research development and made a brief introduction about the methods calculating virtual water content in specific products. As a case study, we qualified China's annual virtual water flows from year 2000 to 2002 with trade in crops, and ended with some policy advice for application and practice of virtual water strategy.