非常规天然气采出水处理现状及建议

介绍了非常规天然气采出水水质特点与回用要求,分析了预处理、二级处理、脱盐处理等单元的技术研究进展与潜在问题。分析认为:非常规天然气采出水水质复杂,呈现高COD、高TDS、高硬度、高氯化物等水质特征;针对有机物脱除难题,需进一步开发耐盐催化氧化技术、耐盐生化技术和高效抗污染膜浓缩新工艺;脱盐处理等单元应通过高级氧化工艺进一步降低有机物含量,促进浓缩结晶系统的稳定运行和结晶盐的资源化。     

中国滨海旅游生态创新水平测度及其影响因素分析

研究从经济社会、资源环境、生态的角度,通过改进系统工程中的集对分析方法,构建指标体系,对我国沿海地区主要省（市）滨海旅游业的生态创新以及其分项要素的总体水平进行综合测度。在评价结果的基础上,运用地理加权回归模型,分析滨海旅游生态创新水平的影响因素及其空间差异。结果表明我国沿海省（市）滨海旅游生态创新的总体水平较低,并呈现出明显的空间差异性;就其影响因素而言,工业污染治理投资、海洋科研经费收入、旅游总收入占第三产业的比重、旅游企业个数与生态创新水平呈正相关关系,旅游总收入及旅游总人数与生态创新水平呈负相关关系;影响因素的空间差异方面,旅游总收入、旅游收入占第三产业比重、海洋科研经费收入、旅游总人数对生态创新水平的影响程度由南到北递增,工业污染治理投资、旅游企业个数的影响程度大致形成以东部为核心,向南北扩散的趋势。     

郑州市少数民族运动会期间O3及VOCs污染特征的演变和评估

基于近地面观测的常规污染六参数、气象数据和在线VOCs数据,以臭氧及其前体物VOCs为研究重点,评估了民运会期间采取的污染管控措施对郑州市空气质量的影响.结果表明,2019年民运会管控期间污染物六参数相较上年同期均呈现降低趋势,其中PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度分别降低了16.2%和25.1%,但是臭氧日最大8 h浓度均值的降幅仅为3.7%,且臭氧为首要污染物的天数超过90%.就臭氧前体物VOCs而言,民运会期间PAMS浓度（26.21×10^-9）低于历史同期;利用PMF模型解析出6个因子,依次为机动车尾气（28%）、LPG（21%）、燃烧（16%）、工业（15%）、溶剂（15%）和植物排放（5%）;空气保障期间,对燃烧源和工业源的管控较为明显.     

间歇梯度曝气的生活污水好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷

本研究设置了3个SBR反应器R1、R2和R3,分别采用(A/O)_3-SBR梯度曝气、(A/O)_3-SBR恒定曝气和传统(A/O)-SBR方式运行,以实际城市生活污水为进水基质,探讨了不同曝气方式下的营养物去除性能和好氧颗粒污泥特性,为低强度城市污水的碳源合理利用提供合理的方式.由实验结果可知,R1、R2和R3中颗粒在稳定时期对COD的平均去除率分别为88.68%、 89.05%和88.96%,对TN的平均去除率分别为76.97%、 71.99%和64.92%,对TP的平均去除率分别为96.28%、 85.05%和78.97%,且反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例分别为25.52%、 19.60%和12.77%.结果表明,厌氧、好氧和缺氧交替的运行方式更有利于反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)的富集,且梯度曝气较恒定曝气方式富集更多,这对碳源不足的低强度城市生活污水处理有重要意义;同时R1中曝气段溶解氧逐级降低,提高了颗粒同步硝化反硝化率和降低了能耗,有利于总氮(TN)的高效去除. 3组反应器在运行后期颗粒粒径分别为727.368、 815.072和895.041μm,且通过对颗粒进行显微观察可以看出, R2和R3中颗粒不如R1中密实.此外,R1、R2和R3运行后期PN/PS值分别为6.31、 5.63和4.83,颗粒稳定时期EPS含量(以VSS计)分别为103.97、 92.22和76.98 mg·g~(-1),表明间歇梯度曝气的方式有利于刺激EPS的分泌,尤其是PN的分泌,使PN/PS值较高,细胞疏水性增强,颗粒密实稳定.     

水质生物毒性检测仪在环境治理中的应用研究

水中存在的多种有毒生物严重影响水体质量,对水质生物的毒性进行检测,可有效提高环境治理效果。采用毒性检测仪对水质生物毒性进行检测,通过分析水质生物毒性检测仪的光电探测器、分压器等硬件结构的工作原理,完成对水质生物毒性的检测。实验结果表明,采用水质生物毒性检测仪检测方法与传统检测方法得到的检测结果相差较小,其具有的便于携带、操作简单和实验周期短等优点,可有效的应用到环境治理中,为环境治理提供较大帮助。     

不同来源废水中TOC与COD相关性研究

对纺织染整、化工、制药、食品加工各行业生产废水及城镇污水厂处理设施出水中的TOC(自动仪器监测)与COD(实验室手工分析)测定值进行回归分析,并检验一元线性回归方程的显著性和有效性。结果表明,各行业生产废水中TOC与COD值均存在非常显著的相关性,且废水组成成分越单一稳定,其相关性越好,同行业废水中TOC与COD回归方程的斜率b较为接近。利用TOC自动在线监测值换算所得的COD值,准确性和稳定性高,能满足水质实时连续监测的需要。     

实际重力流排水管道中微生物群落对管道的腐蚀影响

通过在实际重力流排水管道中选取10个典型的腐蚀区域作为研究对象,通过对排水管道对应腐蚀区域的生物膜和水体进行采样,探究实际排水管道不同空间位置上微生物群落分布的差异性以及水质因素对微生物群落多样性分布影响.采用高通量测序方法反映腐蚀区域微生物群落的多样性.结果表明,在排水管道中10个典型腐蚀区域中的微生物群落分布结构基本相似,在门水平上主要是变形菌占绝对优势,其次是放线菌门,在纲水平上主要是a-变形菌纲,其次是β-变形菌纲两者相对含量之和占到43.56%,在属水平上的硫酸盐还原菌对管道具有严重的局部腐蚀,包含有Desulforhabdus,Desulfuromonas,Desulfobacter.RDA环境影响因子研究发现,在门水平上硫化氢、溶解氧与微生物群落存在一定的相关性,在纲水平上与微生物群落存在相关性的主要是铵根离子、pH值和COD.     

Variations in concentrations and bioavailability of heavy metals in rivers caused by water conservancy projects: Insights from water regulation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir in the Yellow River

Water regulation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir of the Yellow River was chosen as a case to investigate variations in concentrations and bioavailability of heavy metals caused by water conservancy projects in rivers. Water and suspended sediment (SPS) samples were collected at downstream sampling sites along the river during this period. Concentrations and speciation of Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb in water and SPS samples were analyzed, and their bioaccumulation was studied with Daphnia magna. This study indicated that the exchangeable and carbonate-bound fractions of heavy metals in SPS decreased along the studied stretch, and the dissolved heavy metal concentrations increased along the river with 1.6–15 folds. This is because sediment resuspension increased along the river during water regulation, giving rise to the increase of heavy metal release from SPS. The dissolved Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb concentrations were significantly positively correlated with SPS concentrations, and their increase along the river was greater than Cr. The body burdens of heavy metals in D. magna exposed into samples collected from the reservoir outlet were 1.3–3.0 times lower than those from downstream stations, suggesting that the heavy metal bioavailability increased during water regulation. This should be considered in the reservoir operation.     

Baosteel emission control significantly benefited air quality in Shanghai

As the largest iron and steel producer in China, a part of Baosteel moved out of Shanghai deserves close attention due to its environmental impact. To understand the effect of Baosteel emission control on air quality in Shanghai, daily PM_(10), PM_(2.5), SO_2, NO_2 and CO were measured from 2010 to 2016. Concentrations of pollutants in Baoshan District presented a decreased trend during 2010–2016, with a reduction rate of 28.6% for PM_(10), 67.3% for SO_2, 8.6% for NO_2 and 42.0% for CO. However, fine particle pollution in Baoshan District during 2012–2016 seems to become more prominent, with PM_(2.5) concentration of 47 ± 28,45 ± 33, 38 ± 24, 54 ± 41 and 51 ± 34 μg/m3, respectively, indicating a slight increase of 8.5%in PM_(2.5). Concentrations of PM_(10) and CO decreased by 12.5% and 33.8% in the second half year in 2016(compared with that in 2015) probably due to closure of blast furnace of Baosteel. Baosteel was identified as the largest pollution source in Baoshan District.Emission from Baosteel accounted for 58.0% of SO_2, 43.6% of NO_2 and 79.3% of dust in total emission from Baoshan District during 2010–2015. Meanwhile, pollutant emission and coal consumption from Baosteel decreased by 52.0% for SO_2, 40.1% for NO_2, 15.7% for dust and22% for coal consumption. Energy consumption in Baoshan District reduced by 31% from2011 to 2015. Air quality improvement in Shanghai was attributed to local emission reduction, together with regional air quality improvement.     

Degradation of sulfonamides and formation of trihalomethanes by chlorination after pre-oxidation with Fe(Ⅵ)

Sulfonamides are used in human therapy,animal husbandry and agriculture but are not easily biodegradable,and are often detected in surface water.Sulfamethazine(SMZ) and sulfadiazine(SDZ) are two widely used sulfonamide antibiotics that are used heavily in agriculture.In this study,they were degraded in an aqueous system by chlorination after pre-oxidation with ferrate(VI)(FeVIO42-,Fe(VI)),an environmentally friendly oxidation technique that has been shown to be effective in degrading various organics.The kinetics of the degradation were determined as a function of Fe(VI)(0–1.5 mg/L),free chlorine(0–1.8 mg/L) and temperature(15–35°C).According to the experimental results,SMZ chlorination followed second-order kinetics with increasing Fe(VI) dosage,and the effect of the initial free chlorine concentration on the reaction kinetics with pre-oxidation by Fe(VI) fitted a pseudo-first order model.The rate constants of SDZ and SMZ chlorination at different temperatures were related to the Arrhenius equation.Fe(VI) could reduce the levels of THMs formed and the toxicity of the sulfonamide degradation systems with Fe(VI) doses of 0.5–1.5 mg/L,which provides a reference for ensuring water quality in drinking water systems.