基于指数平滑技术的水体污染灰色预测模型及应用

文章在分析传统灰色GM（1,1）预测模型所存在的缺陷基础上提出采用指教平滑技术和灰色理论相结合的方法构建一新的ES—GM（1,1）预测模型。新的预测模型通过指数平滑技术和二次累加生成技术将原始的水质污染监测数据进行处理挖掘数据序列潜在的规律性,以2001年到2007年长江南京段水质主要污染监测数据作为实例和传统预测模型进行对比分析计算,结果证明新ES—GM（1,1）的预测模型精度大大提高。长江南京段水质污染预测计算结果表明如果不采取有效的污染预防和控制措施,到2012年COD蜊和BOD5年平均浓度值将分别上升到1．791mg/L和2043mg／L。     

水上事故溢油漂移轨迹预测模型研究与应用

近年来,国内外海上溢油事故频发,不仅造成巨额的经济损失,同时也对海洋及近岸海域生态系统造成了巨大危害,构建科学、可靠的海洋溢油模型对于溢油事故的处置应对、预警预报都具有十分重要的科学和现实意义。基于EFDC（Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code）、＂油粒子＂溢油轨迹和风化模型,构建了海上事故溢油漂移轨迹预测模型。通过对实际溢油事故的模拟对比证明,相对于基于对流扩散方程的传统溢油模型,＂油粒子＂算法更直观,模拟的油膜轨迹、形态更贴近实际过程。     

微生物强化处理印染废水的中试研究

以绍兴县综合性印染废水为处理对象,采用混凝一水解酸化一好氧工艺,并且在好氧单元中投加微生物菌剂进行中试研究,探讨了该工艺对印染废水的处理效能。结果表明,投加菌剂后,该系统出水大大改善。投加茵剂前,出水CODl91mg／L,投加菌剂后,出水111mg／L。当该系统高效茵群已形成后,不投加茵剂20天内,该系统仍然可以保持出水CODl21mg／L。当该系统MLSS大量降低后,该系统出水仍然可达120mg／L,此现象说明该系统耐受冲击能力强,且为污泥的减量化研究可能指明了一个新方向。     

天然/模拟海水中2,4,6-三溴苯酚的光化学行为研究

有机溴代苯酚类污染物在水体中普遍存在,尤其在海洋环境中,除人为污染源外,它还存在广泛的天然来源.以2,4,6-三溴苯酚为模型化合物,以氙灯(λ290 nm)作为模拟太阳光源,研究了海水中溴代苯酚的光化学过程,并系统考察了溴代苯酚初始浓度、Cl~-、Fe(Ⅲ)和pH值等环境因素的影响.实验结果表明,在海水中,2,4,6-三溴苯酚能够快速发生光化学反应,通过产物分析发现其主要产物为通过光致脱溴氯代过程产生的2,4-二溴-6-氯苯酚,并且该产物随2,4,6-三溴苯酚初始浓度、Cl~-浓度、Fe(Ⅲ)浓度的增大及溶液pH值的降低而增加.以明亮发光杆菌为受试生物的毒理学实验表明,2,4,6-三溴苯酚在海水中光化学的前期,系统的毒性效应增强,而毒性的增加可能主要由光致氯代过程导致.     

HCB与γ-HCH在辽河沉积物中的缺氧降解动力学

为全面认识多氯有机物在天然水沉积物中的转化行为,利用超声波发生仪萃取沉积物样品,采用气相色谱仪(Ni63-ECD)定量分析,在缺氧条件下,测定了辽河沉积物中六氯苯(HCB)、γ-HCH的微生物降解速率.在单个培养体系中,测定出不外加有机碳源,外加葡萄糖和乙酸钠3种条件下HCB、γ-HCH的缺氧降解符合准一级动力学方程,动力学常数分别为HCB k(不外加有机碳源)=0.0014d-1, k(葡萄糖)= 0.0033d-1, k(乙酸钠)= 0.0052d-1;γ-HCH k(不外加有机碳源)=0.0454d-1, k(葡萄糖)=0.1143d-1, k(乙酸钠)=0.1451d-1.在2种氯代物混合培养体系中,HCB、γ-HCH的降解速率均有所下降.经GC-MS测定,三氯苯、二氯苯分别是HCB、γ-HCH的主要降解产物.     

Topsoil dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and sources along an urban-rural gradient in the Yellow River Delta

The Yellow River Delta (YRD) is a typical agricultural and petrochemical industrial area of China. To assess the current status of soil dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) residues, topsoil samples (0-15 cm) (n = 82) were collected in Bincheng District, at the geographic center of the YRD. The total concentrations of six DDT homologues were within 3.3-3819 μg/kg, with a mean concentration of 191 μg/kg, showing significant increase along urban-rural gradient. Soil concentrations of seven indicator PCBs in the area ranged from non-detectable to 87.0 μg/kg, dominated by heavily chlorinated PCBs (PCB-101 and -118). Soil PCBs concentrations were significantly greater in urban than suburban and rural areas. Principal component and multiple linear regression analysis suggest that 86.4% of soil DDTs originate from past DDT usage, and 13.6% originate from dicofol application. Soil PCBs most likely originate from the petrochemical industry (77.1%), municipal solid waste disposal (16.5%), local commercial PCB homologues usage (5.2%), and long-range atmospheric deposition (1.2%). In general, soil DDTs pollution was classified as low level, and mean PCBs concentrations were below the severe contamination classification range. Because PCB-118 is a dioxin-like congener, monitoring and remediation is advised to assess and reduce negative environmental and human health effects from soil DDTs and dioxin-like congeners in the study area.     

Characterisation of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress posed by textile effluent on zebrafish

Textile industries are important sources of toxic discharges and contribute enormously to water deterioration, while little attention has been paid to the toxicity of textile effluents in discharge regulation. Bioassays with zebrafish were employed to evaluate the toxicity of wastewater samples collected from different stages at a textile factory and sewage treatment plants (STPs). Physico-chemical parameters, acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed. The wastewater samples from bleaching, rinsing and soaping of the textile factory exhibited high acute toxicity and genotoxicity. The coexisting components of dye compounds, as assistants and oxidants, seemed to cause some effect on the toxic response. After treatment employing the anoxic-oxic (A/O) process in STPs, the color and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were reduced by 40% and 84%, respectively, falling within the criteria of the Chinese Sewage Discharge Standard. In contrast, increases in acute toxicity and genotoxicity were observed in the anaerobic tank, indicating the formation of toxic intermediates. The genotoxicity of the effluent of the STP was not significantly different from that of the influent, suggesting the wastewater treatment processes were not effective in removing the genotoxicity of the dye wastewater. Results indicated that the effluent contains pro-oxidants since the activities of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC) were all elevated. In addition, decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) activities observed can be interpreted as a cytotoxicity sign due to an over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of the present study suggest that the STPs were not capable of reducing the toxicity of wastewater sufficiently. Further treatment is needed to remove the potential risks posed by textile effluent to ecosystems and human health, and employing a toxicity index is necessary for discharge regulation.     

矿山酸性废水中和渣制备建筑砌块

为了实现矿山酸性废水中和渣资源化,采用硅酸盐水泥(32.5R和42.5R)、铝酸盐水泥3种胶凝材料固化中和渣制备建筑砌块。在抗压强度和浸出毒性测定的基础上,通过X-射线衍射分析、热重分析等实验手段,探究了水泥矿物水化及其与中和渣中主要物质作用机理。研究结果表明,当m(水泥)∶m(干污泥)∶m(水)=1∶0.5∶0.75时,3种胶凝材料制备免烧砖的抗压强度均达到25 MPa以上,明显高于普通黏土烧结砖。     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)血细胞免疫功能及氧化应激效应的影响

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)是一种持久性的有机污染物(POPs),具有潜在毒性、致癌性。选取马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensi)为研究对象,研究DEHP对其血淋巴细胞免疫功能和脂质过氧化水平的影响。将成年马氏珠母贝暴露于不同浓度(0.5、2.0、8.0、16.0 mg·L-1)的DEHP中,暴露14 d后测定血细胞数目(THC)、吞噬能力(phagocytic activity)、细胞膜稳定性(cell membrane stability)、脂质过氧化程度(LPO)和总谷胱甘肽含量(T-GSH)的变化。结果显示,血细胞数目随DEHP浓度的升高而降低,呈明显的剂量-效应关系,最低可见效应浓度(LOEC)0.5 mg·L-1。细胞膜稳定性和吞噬活力均随DEHP浓度的升高,呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,其LOEC值分别小于2和8 mg·L-1。细胞中丙二醛(MDA)含量随染毒浓度增加逐渐升高,在8 mg·L-1浓度组达到最高值,之后降低,与之相应的脂质过氧化水平也呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,LOEC2 mg·L-1。8mg·L-1浓度组的总谷胱甘肽含量与对照组相比存在显著差异性(p0.05),LOEC8 mg·L-1。研究结果表明:DEHP染毒14 d对马氏珠母贝血淋巴细胞免疫功能有明显的影响,同时还会诱导机体产生氧化应激效应,在所测试的指标中,血细胞计数对DEHP的胁迫最敏感(LOEC0.5 mg·L-1),细胞膜稳定性和脂质过氧化水平的敏感性次之(LOEC2 mg·L-1)。     

Cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removal of phosphorus in rainwater runoff

Self-made cation exchange resin supported nanoscale zero-valent iron （R-nZVI） was used to remove phosphorus in rainwater runoff. 80% of phosphorus in rainwater runoff from grassland was removed with an initial concentration of 0.72 mg. L-1 phosphorus when the dosage of R-nZVl is 8 g per liter rainwater, while only 26% of phosphorus was removed when using cation exchange resin without supported nanoscale zero-valent iron under the same condition. The adsorption capacity of R-nZVI increased up to 185 times of that of the cation exchange resin at a saturated equilibrium phosphorous concentration of 0.42 mg. L-1. Various techniques were implemented to characterize the R-nZVI and explore the mechanism of its removal of phosphate. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） indicated that new crystal had been formed on the surface of R-nZVI. The result from inductive coupled plasma （ICP） indicated that 2.1% of nZVI was loaded on the support material. The specific surface area was increased after the load of nanoscale zero-valent iron （nZVI）, according to the measurement of BET-N2 method. The result of specific surface area analysis also proved that phosphorus was removed mainly through chemical adsorption process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis showed that the new product obtained from chemical reaction between phosphate and iron was ferrous phosphate.