Adsorption of pharmaceuticals to microporous activated carbon treated with potassium hydroxide, carbon dioxide, and steam

Adsorption of sulfapyridine, tetracycline, and tylosin to a commercial microporous activated carbon (AC) and its potassium hydroxide (KOH)-, CO-, and steam-treated counterparts (prepared by heating at 850°C) was studied to explore efficient adsorbents for the removal of selected pharmaceuticals from water. Phenol and nitrobenzene were included as additional adsorbates, and nonporous graphite was included as a model adsorbent. The activation treatments markedly increased the specific surface area and enlarged the pore sizes of the mesopores of AC (with the strongest effects shown on the KOH-treated AC). Adsorption of large-size tetracycline and tylosin was greatly enhanced, especially for the KOH-treated AC (more than one order of magnitude), probably due to the alleviated size-exclusion effect. However, the treatments had little effect on adsorption of low-size phenol and nitrobenzene due to the predominance of micropore-filling effect in adsorption and the nearly unaffected content of small micropores causative to such effect. These hypothesized mechanisms on pore-size dependent adsorption were further tested by comparing surface area-normalized adsorption data and adsorbent pore size distributions with and without the presence of adsorbed antibiotics. The findings indicate that efficient adsorption of bulky pharmaceuticals to AC can be achieved by enlarging the adsorbent pore size through suitable activation treatments.     

水库水质安全保障对策研究——以长潭水库为例

水库的供水功能日渐重要,水库水质安全已经成为保障社会稳定和经济发展的基础。水库环境污染问题不断加剧,保障水库水质安全日趋紧迫。水库水质安全保障需从外源污染控制、内源污染控制、水库生态系统恢复和突发事故应急等多方面着手。本文结合长潭水库情况,全面分析水库水质安全的保障对策。     

Review on remediation technologies for arsenic-contaminated soil

• Recent progress of As-contaminated soil remediation technologies is presented. • Phytoextraction and chemical immobilization are the most widely used methods. • Novel remediation technologies for As-contaminated soil are still urgently needed. • Methods for evaluating soil remediation efficiency are lacking. • Future research directions for As-contaminated soil remediation are proposed. Arsenic (As) is a top human carcinogen widely distributed in the environment. As-contaminated soil exists worldwide and poses a threat on human health through water/food consumption, inhalation, or skin contact. More than 200 million people are exposed to excessive As concentration through direct or indirect exposure to contaminated soil. Therefore, affordable and efficient technologies that control risks caused by excess As in soil must be developed. The presently available methods can be classified as chemical, physical, and biological. Combined utilization of multiple technologies is also common to improve remediation efficiency. This review presents the research progress on different remediation technologies for As-contaminated soil. For chemical methods, common soil washing or immobilization agents were summarized. Physical technologies were mainly discussed from the field scale. Phytoextraction, the most widely used technology for As-contaminated soil in China, was the main focus for bioremediation. Method development for evaluating soil remediation efficiency was also summarized. Further research directions were proposed based on literature analysis.     

Pretreatment of municipal landfill leachate by a combined process

Biodegradability enhancement of landfill leachate using air stripping followed by coagulation/ultrafiltration (UF) processes was introduced. The air stripping process obtained a removal efficiency of 88.6% for ammonia nitrogen (NH₄–N) at air-to-liquid ratio of 3500 (pH 11) for stripping 18 h. The single coagulation process increased BOD/COD ratio by 0.089 with the FeCl₃ dosage of 570 mg l^?1 at pH 7.0, and the single UF process increased the BOD/COD ratio to 0.311 from 0.049. However, the combined process of coagulation/UF increased the BOD/COD ratio from 0.049 to 0.43, and the final biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH₄–N and colour of leachate were 1223.6 mg l^?1, 2845.5 mg l^?1, 145.1 mg l^?1 and 2056.8, respectively, when 3 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membrane was used at the operating pressure 0.7 MPa. In ultrafiltration process, the average solution flux (J_V), concentration multiple (M_C) and retention rate (R) for COD was 107.3 l m^?2 h^?1, 6.3% and 84.2%, respectively.     

云南省滑坡泥石流与强降水的相关性和多时间尺度特征研究

以云南省1961-2011年的滑坡泥石流灾害和逐日降水观测数据为基础,采用相关分析和小波变换分析方法,研究了云南滑坡泥石流与强降水变化的相关性特征和多时间尺度特征。结论为:近51年来云南滑坡泥石流活动频次呈现出逐步增长的趋势,云南滑坡泥石流与强降水的变化具有显著的相关关系,与暴雨的相关性最高,其次为大暴雨和大雨。云南滑坡泥石流与强降水变化表现出十分明显的多时间尺度变化特征。滑坡泥石流与强降水的变化均存在有6年的特征时间尺度变化,在6年的特征时间尺度上,云南滑坡泥石流的变化一般是相同或滞后于强降水的变化。     

基于对称性的中国台湾地震趋势判断及物理基础

在灾害的综合研究中,自然灾害风险评价是灾害研究的一个热点领域,对自然灾害进行准确的趋势判断,其理论和现实意义重大。以台湾地区地震空间对称性为切入点,着重探讨了台湾地震空间对称轴存在的合理性及其物理基础,结合可公度研究理论分析强震灾害趋势,从而为判断地震灾害未来发生的时间、空间趋势提供一些理论思考和方法借鉴。结果表明,台湾M≥7.2级地震在空间上具有明显的南北对称性特征,其对称性有一定的动力学基础,并且可以作为区域地震未来趋势判断的依据。其中2012、2014年台湾发生M≥7.2地震信号较强,须密切关注此地震趋势信息。综合空间对称性的信息分析,下次发生地震的可能地区是台湾中北部地区。该研究对认识重大灾害成因机制具有一定启示意义。     

Cultural issues in post‐disaster reconstruction: the case of Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan

Most members of Taiwan's indigenous communities live in areas that are prone to natural disasters. Yet, due to their marginalised cultural, economic and political status, each time such calamities strike, any assistance they receive is usually provided without considering their actual needs. The areas hardest hit by Typhoon Morakot in August 2009 were the indigenous villages in the southern and eastern parts of the island. After the initial emergency relief efforts had been completed, there remained the highly challenging task of reconstruction and the resettlement of those who lost their homes and livelihoods. This paper examines the cultural conflicts that arose during the reconstruction process, with special emphasis on the participation of Taiwan's indigenous communities and their capacity for resilience. It was found that community participation and identification are key issues in effective disaster governance.     

吡草醚原药对大鼠一般生长情况的影响及其慢性肾毒性研究

研究吡草醚原药对大鼠一般生长情况的影响,寻找慢性毒性靶器官以及确定最大无作用剂量(NOAEL)。将初重为40~50 g的SPF级SD大鼠随机分成对照、低、中和高剂量组,160只/组,雌雄各半。各组动物分别给予含有不同浓度吡草醚原药的饲料(0,80,400,2 000 mg·kg-1的饲料),染毒期间不限制摄食饮水,期限为104周。结果显示雌、雄鼠中、高剂量组1~104周的体重、增重、食物利用率与对照组比较,于不同阶段均有不同程度降低,差异有显著性(P0.05或P0.01或P0.001);中、高剂量受试物可导致大鼠血液中尿素氮(BUN)水平升高及胆碱酯酶(Ch E)水平下降,肾脏器系数升高,与对照组比较差异有显著性(P0.05或P0.01或P0.001);病理学检查显示中、高剂量组可引起肾小管上皮细胞变性、肾脏间质炎、慢性进行性肾病等。实验结果表明在本试验条件下,中、高剂量的吡草醚原药可明显影响大鼠的体重增长及食物利用率,对SD大鼠的慢性毒性靶器官是肾脏。     

多溴联苯醚分布特征及环境风险研究进展

多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)作为一种高效、添加型阻燃剂被广泛使用,因其具有蒸汽压低、亲脂性强、污染持久和可生物富集等特点,而成为近年来环境领域研究热点之一。在查阅近年相关文献和分析PBDEs性质的基础上,本文以PBDEs使用-环境分布-生物体内的分布-对生物毒性及机理为线索,重点总结了PBDEs在环境和尤其是在生物体内的分布情况,并分别从神经系统、甲状腺和肝脏等角度阐述了PBDEs产生毒性效应以及致毒机制的最新研究成果。在总结研究成果的基础上,提出了应逐渐重视十溴联苯醚的环境风险、电子垃圾拆解地PBDEs修复、PBDEs代谢过程以及代谢中间物的毒性等建议,以期为PBDEs相关领域研究者提供参考。     

Triazine and metolachlor herbicide residues in farm areas of the Lower Fraser valley, British Columbia, Canada

Crop soils, ditch sediments and water flowing from several Lower Fraser River (LFR) farm areas of British Columbia, Canada, to salmon tributary streams of that river were sampled in 2004-2005 to quantify for residues of triazine [atrazine, desethylatrazine (a transformation product of atrazine), propazine, and simazine] and metolachlor (a chloroacetamide) herbicides. Average concentrations [microg kg-1 dry weight (d.w.)] of triazine (10,110) and metolachlor (8,910) herbicides detected in crop soils at the start (May 2004, 2005) of the growing season were about 17 and 6 times, respectively, higher than those found for both herbicide groups during (June-Sept, 2004, 2005) the growing season. In contrast, mean concentrations (microg L-1) of triazines (0.092) and metolachlor (0.014) in permanent ditches adjacent to farms were about 7 and 28 times, respectively, lower at the start than during the growing season. Both herbicide groups in ditch sediments were detected only during the growing season at concentrations averaging about 315 microg kg-1 d.w. The risk potential of these herbicides for non-target aquatic organisms inhabiting permanent farm ditches contiguous to tributary streams of the LFR during the growing season is evaluated and discussed.