关于生态资产核算方法探讨

生态资产的价值核算是可持续发展的重要组成部分。采用文献检索和对比分析法,探讨了生态资产价值构成的五分型、四分型、二分型3种分类形式,介绍了当前国内外普遍运用的几种核算方法,包括直接(实际)市场法、替代市场法、假想(模拟)市场法、空间-能值分析法和遥感模型测算方法,并对这些方法的适用范围和优缺点进行了分析比较,在此基础上,对生态资产的核算方法做了一些讨论及展望。     

Monitoring of non-point source pollutants load from a mixed forest land use

The aim of this study was to determine the unit load of NPS (non-point source) pollutants including organic variables such as BOD (biochemical oxygen demand),COD (chemical oxygen demand) and DOC (dissolved organic carbon),nitrogen and phosphorus constituents,and suspended solids (SS) and their event mean concentration (EMC) of runoff flows from a water-shed of mixed forest land use by intensive field experiments.Field monitoring for continuous measurements of rainfall,flow,and water quality was conducted over 12 storm events during 2008–2009 using automated and manual sampling methods.The EMCs of individual runoff event were estimated for each water quality constituent based on the flow rate and concentration data of runoff discharge.The average EMCs of BOD,COD,DOC,SS,TN (total nitrogen),NH 4+ -N,NO 3- -N,TP (total phosphorus),PO 43- -P from the mixed forest land were 1.794,3.498,1.462,10.269,0.862,0.044,0.634,0.034,and 0.005 mg/L,respectively.The annual unit loads of BOD,COD,DOC,SS,TN,NH 4+ -N,NO 3- -N,TP and PO 43--P were estimated as 66.9,133.2,55.5,429.8,36.5,1.6,26.9,1.3 and 0.1 kg/(ha·yr),respectively.In addition,affecting parameters on the EMCs were investigated by statistic analysis of the field data.As a result,significant correlations with precipitation,rainfall intensity,and total runoff flows were found in most constituents.     

全球政府绿色采购政策发展现状和我国的对策

20世纪90年代初期,德国、日本等国开始实施政府绿色采购,此后越来越多的国家认识到,利用政府采购,调节环境保护、促进环境友好型社会形成,是一项非常有效的途径.目前已有50多个国家积极推行绿色采购,以联合国、世界银行等为代表的一些国际组织、很多国际知名大公司以及一些著名的非政府组织也积极实施绿色采购.我国应尽快研究制定绿色采购标准.     

One-pot synthesis of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst and its highly efficient performance for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide with ammonia

Series of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts with different Fe loading content were synthesized by simple one-pot strategy. The obtained catalysts were subjected to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ and were characterized by various techniques. The results show that Fe_0.63/Cu_1.50-SSZ-13 catalyst with proper Fe content exhibits excellent catalytic activity with widest operation temperature window from 160 to 580°C, excellent hydrothermal stability as well as good resistance to sulfur poisoning when compared with Cu-SSZ-13, signifying its great potential for practical applications. Further characterizations reveal that the synthesized Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts present typical chabazite (CHA) structure with good crystallinity, while isolated Cu²⁺ and monomeric Fe³⁺ are revealed as the predominant copper and iron species. At low temperatures, isolated Cu²⁺ species act as primary active sites for SCR reaction, while monomeric Fe³⁺ species provide sufficient active sites for sustain the SCR activity at high temperature. Moreover, Fe over doping would lead to the damage of zeolite structure, destruction of isolated Cu²⁺ site, as well as the formation of highly oxidizing Fe₂O₃, thus causing deterioration of catalytic performances.     

硫自养生物反应器对水中锑酸盐的去除效能和反应机理

为了探究硫自养生物过程对水中锑酸盐的去除效能,建立升流式硫自养固定床生物反应器,考察水力停留时间（HRT）对Sb（Ⅴ）和总Sb去除性能的影响,监测分析出水pH值、碱度消耗量变化规律和含硫副产物的产生趋势,利用扫描电镜和拉曼光谱分析表征推测反应机理.结果表明：（1）当进水锑酸盐Sb（Ⅴ）浓度为（1028.07±43.39）μg·L^-1,HRT为8 h时,经过10～15 d的适应期,反应器对Sb（Ⅴ）去除率可达到94.37%±0.57%,总Sb去除率为47.03%±1.54%,当HRT由8 h缩短为6 h时,反应器对Sb（Ⅴ）去除率可达到90.60%±1.09%,总Sb去除率为12.79%±1.65%.（2）反应器出水硫酸盐超过理论值,表明有硫歧化反应发生,当HRT由8 h缩短为6 h时,碱度消耗量下降至（66.83±6.31）mg·L^-1,对应pH值降低至7.29±0.09;出水SO₄^2-浓度出现大幅下降,SO₄^2-增量由（80.02±1.62）mg·L     

Effect of the ultraviolet/chlorine process on microbial community structure,typical pathogens,and antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water

• UV/chlorine can effectively remove VBNC pathogens, ARGs and MGEs in reclaimed water. • Microbial community was changed with reduced diversity during UV/chlorine process. • CRBs-carried MGEswere the predominant groups during UV/chlorine process. • No direct co-selection strategy was shared between UV/chlorine and resistome. Urban wastewater contains a wide range of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which are a serious concern if reusing treated wastewater. However, few studies have explored the microbial communities in reclaimed water using ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine treatment and assessed the changes of the resistome. This study investigated the occurrence of typical pathogens, ARGs, and bacterial communities in UV/chlorine-treated reclaimed water samples. The numbers of culturable and viable but non-culturable pathogens were effectively reduced to 0 CFU/mL within 1–10 and 10–30 min after UV/chlorine treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, the physicochemical indices of water quality were not affected. UV/chlorine treatment could significantly change the bacterial community structure of reclaimed water, showing a decrease in bacterial abundance and diversity. Chlorine-resistant Acinetobacter and Mycobacterium were the dominant bacterial genera (>50%) after UV/chlorine treatment. Moreover, the number of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) decreased with an increase in UV/chlorine exposure. However, eight ARGs and three MGEs were consistently detected in more than three seasons, making these major concerns because of their potential role in the persistence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Overall, the results of this study suggest that UV/chlorine treatment can potentially improve the microbiological safety of reclaimed water. And more attention should be paid to the pathogens that are both chlorine-resistant and carry MGEs because of their potential for resistance transmission.     

不同基质共代谢降解2,4,6-三硝基苯酚的研究

以葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、乙酸钠和苯酚作为共基质,通过35℃恒温生化培养箱缺氧驯化污泥,间歇恒温振荡试验研究了在不同共代谢基质条件下,2,4,6-三硝基苯酚（TNP）的缺氧降解性能。结果表明,经过驯化的微生物加入葡萄糖和苯酚作为碳源,在TNP∶苯酚∶葡萄糖为10∶3∶100的比例下,TNP生物降解率可以从不加碳源时的31.2%提高到86.6%;不同共基质条件下TNP的降解均符合一级反应动力学方程,反应速率常数大小依次是K_苯酚＜K_葡萄糖＜K_{葡萄糖+苯酚},其中葡萄糖和苯酚同时作为共基质时TNP降解速率常数最大为0.019 h^-1。     

不同覆盖材料对沉积物P、N释放的抑制效果

以百花湖沉积物为实验对象,选取沸石、粘土、生物炭、褐铁矿和高岭土等5种覆盖材料开展模拟柱静态实验,研究上覆水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和氨氮变化规律。在静态模拟柱90 d实验过程中,第45天时上覆水中TN、氨氮浓度最高,分别为8.79和6.10 mg/L。第45天时氨氮浓度最低的是生物炭组,为1.62 mg/L,第45天时TN浓度最低的是粘土组,为1.92 mg/L。第45天后上覆水TN、氨氮浓度下降,实验结束时生物炭组TN和氨氮浓度均最低,其浓度分别为0.74和0.42 mg/L。实验过程中TP浓度不断上升,到实验结束时空白组TP浓度0.42 mg/L,高岭土组TP浓度最低为0.027mg/L。百花湖水质主要超标指标为TP,而高岭土覆盖对沉积物中P释放的抑制优于其他4种材料,且在百花湖地区易获得、无污染,故建议以高岭土为百花湖原位覆盖材料。     

用同位素方法评估天津市汽油无铅化进程

用同位素技术研究和评估天津市汽油无铅化进程.采用稀酸浸出法处理天津市1994～2001年冬春季节123个玻璃纤维滤膜大气颗粒物样品,测量了大气铅浓度和同位素丰度比(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb).结果表明,1994～2001年是我国汽油无铅化的重要时段,这期间大气颗粒物样品铅浓度有所下降,铅的同位素丰度比逐渐增加,表征了汽油无铅化进程中汽车尾气的贡献率减少,其他来源的贡献率上升.在汽油无铅化后,我国还应加强对铅污染的综合治理.     

Bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil with composting

The major objective of this research was to find the appropriate mix ratio of organic amendments for enhancing diesel oil degradation during contaminated soil composting. Sewage sludge or compost was added as an amendment for supplementing organic matter for composting of contaminated soil. The ratios of contaminated soil to organic amendments were 1:0.1, 1:0.3, 1:0.5, and 1:1 as wet weight basis. Target contaminant of this research was diesel oil, which was spiked at 10,000 mg/kg sample on a dry weight basis. The degradation of diesel oil was significantly enhanced by the addition of these organic amendments relative to straight soil. Degradation rates of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and n-alkanes were the greatest at the ratio of 1:0.5 of contaminated soil to organic amendments on wet weight basis. Preferential degradation of n-alkanes over TPH was observed regardless of the kind and the amount of organic amendments. The first order degradation constant of n-alkanes was about twice TPH degradation constant. Normal alkanes could be divided in two groups (C10-C15 versus C16-C20) based on the first order kinetic constant. Volatilization loss of TPH was only about 2% of initial TPH. Normal alkanes lost by volatilization were mainly by the compounds of C10 to C16. High correlations (r=0.80-0.86) were found among TPH degradation rate, amount of CO2 evolved, and dehydrogenase activity.