活性炭纤维吸附废水中对硝基苯酚及其脱附研究

采用新型高效吸附剂——活性炭纤维吸附废水中对硝基苯酚，对其吸附和脱附影响因素进行了较详细的研究，确定了最佳工艺参数，并对动态吸附一脱附进行了稳定性实验。在最佳的吸附条件下，装填4g活性炭纤维可处理含对硝基苯酚1000mg/L的废水1400mL，出水对硝基苯酚浓度〈2mg／L，达到国家综合污水一级排放标准，活性炭纤维有效吸附量可达349．87mg／g。在最佳脱附条件下，脱附率〉99％，并可从高浓度脱附液中回收对硝基苯酚。稳定性实验表明，吸附-脱附性能稳定，采用活性炭纤维吸附处理对硝基苯酚废水是一种行之有效的处理方法。     

高铁铝矾土制备聚合氯化铝铁及其在污水处理中的应用研究

利用含铁的低品位铝矾土为主要原料,添加适量铝酸钙粉,制备出絮凝剂聚合氯化铝铁.制备方法为酸溶两步法.对影响聚合铝铁制备的因素,如盐酸浓度、盐酸用量、温度和铝酸钙粉用量等进行了系统研究,得到了制备聚合铝铁的优化条件,同时将该絮凝剂用于实际工业污水的处理.研究结果表明：制备的絮凝剂絮凝效果明显优于一些传统的絮凝剂;不仅具有去浊性能好、沉降快的优点,而且具有原料易得,制备成本低的优势.     

制浆废液降低普钙水分的应用研究

针对我国采用高临界流动水分的磷矿进行湿法生产普钙普遍存在产品水分达不到部颁标准的难题,直接采用制浆废液（利用其主要对环境有害成分之一——MNA作减水剂）进行降低普钙水分的研究和应用.实验结果表明,添加少量的减水剂MNA可显著降低国内朝阳、昆阳、浏阳和国外摩洛哥等单种磷矿以及昆阳-朝阳混矿的矿浆粘度和水分.采用国产昆阳-朝阳混矿进行工业生产试验结果表明,添加0.35%～0.4%干矿粉重量的减水剂MNA,不仅可使球磨添加水量从145 kg降至103 kg,矿浆含水量从30.5%降至27%,成品肥含水量从16.24%降至13.77%,而且可使有效磷从10.67%升至12.24%,转化率由86.57%提高到90.45%,矿浆细度由90.18%提高到93.12%.实验和工业生产试验表明,直接用造纸制浆废液降低普钙水分,既确保和改善了普钙的产品质量,又治理了环境污染,取得了较好的经济、环境和社会效益.     

天津市医疗废物处置规划及策略研究

以天津市医疗废物管理现状为研究对象，对处置方式进行深入探讨，分析目前分散处置和集中处置存在的缺陷，提出“区域集中处置”设想；并运用模糊决策模型理论，建立较完善的处置方式评价指标体系，应用模糊综合评价模型得出“区域集中处置”是最佳的医疗废物处置方式，同时提出了相应的区域集中处置策略。     

γ-射线辐照法改善城市污水厂剩余污泥厌氧消化特性的研究

采用γ-射线辐照法对城市污水厂剩余污泥进行预处理，从固体组分、可溶性组分及厌氧产气量等角度来探讨γ-射线辐照法改善城市污水厂剩余污泥厌氧消化特性的可行性。结果表明，经γ-射线辐照处理后，污泥的平均粒径减小，在辐照剂量为6．51-30．75kGy范围内，粒径的减小率达30％-50％；可溶性有机组分随着辐照剂量升高而增加，当辐照剂量为19．4kGy时，SCOD增加率达552．5％；与未辐照相比，污泥经2．48、6．51、11．24kGy辐照处理后，厌氧消化累计产气量分别增加8．89％、19．74％和35．81％。γ-射线辐照法是一种有效的改善污泥厌氧消化特性的方法，11．24kGy左右的剂量可作为污泥预处理的最佳剂量。     

制浆废液降低普钙水分的应用研究

针对我国采用高临界流动水分的磷矿进行湿法生产普钙普遍存在产品水分达不到部颁标准的难题,直接采用制浆废液(利用其主要对环境有害成分之一--MNA作减水剂)进行降低普钙水分的研究和应用.实验结果表明,添加少量的减水剂MNA可显著降低国内朝阳、昆阳、浏阳和国外摩洛哥等单种磷矿以及昆阳-朝阳混矿的矿浆粘度和水分.采用国产昆阳-朝阳混矿进行工业生产试验结果表明,添加0.35%～0.4%干矿粉重量的减水剂MNA,不仅可使球磨添加水量从145 kg降至103 kg,矿浆含水量从30.5%降至27%,成品肥含水量从16.24%降至13.77%,而且可使有效磷从10.67%升至12.24%,转化率由86.57%提高到90.45%,矿浆细度由90.18%提高到93.12%.实验和工业生产试验表明,直接用造纸制浆废液降低普钙水分,既确保和改善了普钙的产品质量,又治理了环境污染,取得了较好的经济、环境和社会效益.     

Mechanism of PCBs formation from the pyrolysis of chlorobenzenes

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were formed by pyrolysis of chlorobenzenes in a HCl atmosphere. Varieties of substituted chlorobenzenes were used as model compounds to optimize the condensation reaction. Lower chlorinated benzenes produce more PCBs than that of higher ones. Up to 0.7 microg PCBs/mg 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene was produced through the condensation reaction.     

一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法

一体化间歇曝气完全混合活性污泥法处理装置采取特殊的沉淀区构造,改变了活性污泥的循环流动方式,通过间歇曝气,反应区交替处于好氧/缺氧状态,达到了有机物高效去除、高效硝化反硝化及控制污泥膨胀的效果.该方法具有出水水质好、运行稳定、能耗低、流程简洁和操作管理方便的特点,是一种很有发展潜力的一体化中小型生活污水、城市污水处理系统.     

Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments from Pearl River Delta, China

Spatial distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons [chlorinated pesticides (CPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured in riverine and estuarine sediment samples from Pearl River Delta, China, collected in 1997. Concentrations of CPs of the riverine sediment samples range from 12 to 158 ng/g, dry weight, while those of PCBs range from 11 to 486 ng/g. The CPs concentrations of the estuarine sediment samples are in the range 6-1658 ng/g, while concentrations of PCBs are in the range 10-339 ng/g. Total PAH concentration ranges from 1168 to 21,329 ng/g in the riverine sediment samples, whereas the PAH concentration ranges from 323 to 14,812 ng/g in the sediment samples of the Estuary. Sediment samples of the Zhujiang River and Macao harbor around the Estuary show the highest concentrations of CPs, PCBs, and PAHs. Possible factors affecting the distribution patterns are also discussed based on the usage history of the chemicals, hydrologic condition, and land erosion due to urbanization processes. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess petrogenic, combustion and naturally derived PAHs of the sediment samples of the Pearl River Delta. In addition, the concentrations of a number of organic compounds of the Pearl River Delta samples indicate that sediments of the Zhujiang river and Macao harbor are most likely to pose biological impairment.     

Effect of cadmium on nodulation and N2-fixation of soybean in contaminated soils

The effects of cadmium stress on nodulation, N2-fixation capabilities of the root nodule, the change in ultrastructure of the root nodule, soybean growth, and the distribution of cadmium in plants were studied. The results obtained show that the nodulation of soybean roots was greatly inhibited by the addition of Cd, especially at the addition level of 10 and 20 mg kg(-1) soil. The inhibition of plant growth, especially the root growth, increased as the cadmium concentration increased, with deleterious effects observed for the roots. The weight ratio of soybean root/leaf decreased as the Cd concentration increased, which might explain the reason for nodulation decreases. The results also indicate that N2-fixation of root nodule was stimulated to some extent at the low levels of Cd addition, but decreased sharply with further increase of the Cd concentration. High Cd levels were also associated with changes in the ultrastructure of root nodule, in which the effective N2-fixing area was reduced and the N2-fixing cells in the area also reduced. In addition, the results also reveal that the content of Cd in different parts of the plants was as follows: roots > stems > seeds, indicating that the accumulation of Cd by roots is much larger than that by any other part of the soybean plant, and might cause deleterious effects to root systems.