Orthopedic injury in electric bicycle-related collisions

Objective: Although electric bicycle-related injuries have become the most common reason for hospitalization due to a road crash in China, no study has comprehensively investigated electric bicycle collisions and their impact on orthopedic injuries; such a study may provide evidence to support a new road safety policy.

Methods: A retrospective review of orthopedic injuries from electric bicycle collisions was performed in an urban trauma center. We collected variables including age, gender, location of fracture, presence of open or closed fractures, concomitant vascular, and neurologic injuries.

Results: A total of 2,044 cases were involved in electric bicycle collisions. The orthopedic injury victims were predominantly male and middle aged. The most common orthopedic injury was a femur fracture. Open fractures frequently involved the forearm and tibia/fibula. Male patients were more likely to suffer from multiple fractures and associated injuries than female patients. Fewer patients age 60 years old or older wore helmets at the time of the accident compared to those in other age groups.

Conclusions: Orthopedic injuries from electric bicycle-related accidents cause patients substantial suffering that could lead to serious social consequences. Helmet use and protective clothing or similar safety gear, especially for electric bicycle users, should be required to provide greater protection.     

合成树脂行业挥发性有机物排放成分谱及影响

使用SUMMA罐采集华东地区5类典型合成树脂企业有组织排口样品,通过气相色质联用技术（GC-MS）定量分析106种VOCs,计算了合成树脂行业排放量、排放系数和不确定性,分析了VOCs的排放特征和臭氧生成潜势,建立了5类合成树脂VOCs排放成分谱.结果表明：合成树脂企业VOCs排放量为346~3467kg/a,5类合成树脂排放系数为0.06~1.24g/kg,其中涂料树脂（CR）类企业排放量和排放系数均最大.芳香烃、含氧烃（OVOCs）和卤代烃是合成树脂行业VOCs排放基本组分,累计占比范围是73.2%~98.3%.涂料树脂、酚醛树脂（PF）、聚氨酯（PU）、共聚物树脂（ABS）和聚碳酸酯（PC）特征污染物分别为：甲基异丁基酮、苯、甲苯、苯乙烯和二氯甲烷.合成树脂企业臭氧生成潜势（OFP）为22.7~202.5mg/m³,源反应性（SR）为0.3~4.6g/g,CR类企业OFP和SR均最大.合成树脂行业SR处于各行业平均水平.芳香烃、OVOCs和烯炔烃是合成树脂行业的主要光化学活性组分,累计OFP贡献率为64.1%~100.0%,苯、甲苯、甲基异丁基酮、乙烯、苯乙烯是合成树脂行业关键活性物种.研究显示,合成树脂行业VOCs治理应管控芳香烃和OVOCs的排放,重视污染物恶臭问题和卤代烃溶剂的危害,减排VOCs排放量大、臭氧生成能力强的CR类企业.     

Characteristics of sewer biofilms in aerobic rural small diameter gravity sewers

Small diameter gravity sewers(SDGS) are extensively used to collect rural sewage as they are low in cost and quick to construct.However,the characteristics of biofilms in rural SDGS are still not clear.In this study,biofilms characteristics of aerobic rural SDGS were investigated using simulations in a lab under different flow conditions and slopes.Results indic ated that the average thickness of aerobic rural SDGS biofilms was in the range of 350-650 μm,decreasing at locations with variable flow and high slopes.Protein was the most abundant substance in extracellular polymeric substance of SDGS biofilms.The most abundant bacteria,Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,and Bacteroidetes,and functional bacteria showed different distributions when analyzed through Illumina HiSeq sequencing of 16 S rRNA.The relative abundances of denitrifying bacteria,nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,and sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB) were lower during variable flow than during stable flow.High slopes(15‰) decreased SRB presence,which could be used to mitigate H_2 S accumulation in aerobic SDGS.Overall,this study describes the characteristics of aerobic rural SDGS biofilms and provides valuable suggestions for the optimal design of SDGS based on these characteristics.     

Catalytic ozonation treatment of papermaking wastewater by Ag-doped NiFe2O4: Performance and mechanism

The catalytic ozonation treatment of secondary biochemical effluent for papermaking wastewater by Ag-doped nickel ferrite was investigated. Ag-doped catalysts prepared by sol-gel method were characterized, illustrating that Ag entirely entered the crystalline of NiFe₂O₄ and changed the surface properties. The addition of catalyst enhanced the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm and three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix suggested that aromatic compounds were efficiently degraded and toxic substances, such as dibutyl phthalate. In addition, the radical scavenging experiments confirmed the hydroxyl radicals acted as the main reactive oxygen species and the surface properties of catalysts played an important role in the reaction. Overall, this work validated potential applications of Ag-doped NiFe₂O₄ catalyzed ozonation process of biologically recalcitrant wastewater.     

Characterization of VOC emissions from construction machinery and river ships in the Pearl River Delta of China

Speciated characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), from construction machinery and river ships in China is currently lacking. In this regard, we conducted field measurement on speciated VOC (including OVOC) emissions from six construction machinery and five river ships in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region to identify VOC emission characteristics. We noticed that OVOC emissions from construction machinery and ships accounted for more than 50% of the total VOC emissions, followed by alkenes, aromatics and alkanes. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most emission species, accounting for 61.8%-83.2% of OVOCs. For construction machinery, the fuel-based emission factors of roller, grader and pile driver were 3.12, 3.12 and 7.36 g/kg, respectively. With the rigorous restraint by the national emission standards, VOC emissions of construction machinery had decreased considerably, especially during stage Ⅲ. Ozone formation potential was also significantly reduced due to the significant decrease in emissions of OVOCs and alkenes with higher reactivity. For river ships, the fuel-based emission factors of cargo ships and speedboat were 1.46 and 0.44 g/kg, respectively. VOC emissions from construction machinery and river ships in Guangdong Province in 2017 were 8851.0 and 4361.0 ton, respectively. This study filled the knowledge gaps of reactive gas emissions from different kinds of non-road mobile sources over the PRD, and more importantly, highlighted the necessity in adding OVOC measurement to give a complete and accurate depiction of reactive gas emissions from non-road mobile sources.     

补齐医疗废物和危险废物收集处理短板的思考和建议

为推动落实中共中央政治局会议提出的“加快补齐医疗废物、危险废物收集处理设施方面短板”有关指示精神,推进危险废物环境管理领域治理体系和治理能力现代化,结合全国医疗废物、危险废物环境管理情况以及新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间医疗废物应急处置情况,通过数据分析和政策文件系统梳理,识别出医疗废物、危险废物收集处置短板,并提出相应的对策建议.结果表明,目前仍存在医疗废物收集处置和管理有待加强、医疗废物应急处置能力薄弱、危险废物利用处置能力不匹配不均衡、集中处置区域合作和跨省（区、市）协同有待探索、处置产业有待升级发展等问题.建议编制实施全国医疗废物和危险废物收集处理设施建设规划,提升医疗废物环境管理和应急响应能力,提升医疗废物、危险废物调查评估和监管信息化能力,统筹建立健全多层次的危险废物处置设施体系,推动利用处置技术优化升级,通过加强顶层设计,聚焦重点领域,推进医疗废物危险废物补短板工作.      

气溶胶粒度分布的在线测量实验研究

随着雾、霾等气溶胶引起环境问题的加剧,对大气气溶胶特性的研究也越来越深入。该文重点研究了光学粒径谱仪在气溶胶粒度分布在线测量上的应用。通过对比3款典型粒径谱仪的测量原理、测量范围、测量精度等特征,选用光学粒径谱仪系列(OPS)是比较适合在线测量自然环境下大气气溶胶粒度分布的。通过一系列对大气气溶胶中典型的固体和液体气溶胶的在线测量实验,发现更换HEPA过滤器对在线测量的结果有影响,而不同采样时长和不同通道区间不会影响OPS对大气气溶胶的在线测量。     

广西城市污水处理厂污泥产生及处置现状分析

基于2017年广西14个地级市的46座城市污水处理厂统计数据,分析了污泥产生特性和污泥处置方式。结果表明:广西城市污水处理厂2017年污泥产生总量为8.20万t/a(绝干),处置方式以直接填埋、堆肥土地利用和水泥窑协同处置为主,直接填埋量、堆肥土地利用量、水泥窑协同处置量分别占比26.98%、37.68%和35.34%;广西主要城市污水处理厂2017年平均污泥产率为4.18 t/万m 3(污泥含水率80%),污泥产率普遍偏低。针对污泥处置带来的二次污染问题,建议加强污泥处置后的跟踪评价并做好预防措施。     

施硼对水稻幼苗吸收和分泌砷的影响

通过3组水培试验研究了营养液不同供硼(B)浓度和叶面施B对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)幼苗吸收、转运和分泌砷(As)的影响.在10μmol·L-1三价砷[As(Ⅲ)]或五价砷[As(Ⅴ)]处理下,营养液B浓度没有显著影响水稻体内As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)和总As的含量、转移系数和根吸收效率.叶面施B使得水稻幼苗地上部的B含量显著增加15.8倍,使得As(Ⅴ)处理条件下的根部As含量和As根吸收效率分别显著降低20.9%和18.0%,As(Ⅲ)处理条件下的根部As含量和As根吸收效率分别降低12.6%和13.8%(P0.05),而地上部As含量降低不显著(P0.05).在As(Ⅴ)处理下,叶面施B使根部B含量显著降低达47.1%,而As(Ⅲ)处理下根部B含量无显著变化.As(Ⅴ)处理下的水稻根部B含量平均比As(Ⅲ)处理高85.3%(P0.05).叶面施B后,As(Ⅴ)处理下水稻根部中总As含量和As(Ⅴ)含量均与根部B含量呈显著正相关(P0.05).As(Ⅲ)预处理后水稻幼苗根系外泌的As总量比As(Ⅴ)预处理高105.2%.叶面施B使As(Ⅲ)预处理水稻的As外泌量增加14.0%~16.9%(P0.05),对As(Ⅴ)预处理的水稻As外泌无影响.水稻根部有45.9%~70.7%的As可以在1周内被外排到生长介质中.结果表明,营养液供B浓度为As浓度的4倍时仍不能减少水稻幼苗对As的吸收累积,而叶面施B有助于减少水稻对As的吸收.B通道不是As(Ⅲ)进入水稻根系的主要途径;As(Ⅴ)在水稻中的迁移分配机制可能与B的迁移运输有关.