城市污泥及其堆肥施用对通菜中有机污染物的累积效应

在水稻土上施用城市污泥及其堆肥盆栽通菜,应用GC／MS联机检测技术对植株中8类共44种有机污染物进行系统分析。结果表明,通菜中检出28种有机化合物,主要是邻苯二甲酸酯类、硝基苯类和多环芳烃类化合物。各类污染物均以个别或少数化合物为主,其它化合物的含量低得多或未检出。施用污泥的通菜中有机污染物的含量普遍较高,是空白对照的数倍至数10倍,而施用各种污泥堆肥的通菜中有机污染物的含量普遍较低,甚至低于空白对照,尤其是施用污泥加牛粪堆肥的通菜中仅检出1种化合物。因此,污泥直接施用可能导致作物中有机污染物的吸收累积,需经适当的堆肥处理后施用才较为安全。     

大区域环境噪声评价模型NEM的构建及应用

提出一种适用于大区域噪声评价的模型——NEM模型,该模型综合考虑暴露人群和声环境功能区差异,并根据城市声环境质量标准及噪声对人体健康的影响程度进行了分级表征。文章运用该模型对广州市噪声状况进行评价,同时将评价结果分别与NPI法和NII法的评价结果进行对比。对比结果表明:NEM模型用于大区域环境噪声评价科学合理,结论可靠。     

Application of a real-ambient fine particulate matter exposure system on different animal models

Simulation of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) exposure is essential for evaluating adverse health effects. In this work, an ambient exposure system that mimicked real atmospheric conditions was installed in Taiyuan, China to study impacts of chronic PM_2.5 exposure on adult and aged mice as well as Sirtuin3 knockout (Sirt3 KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. The real-ambient exposure system eliminated the possible artificial effects caused from exposure experiments and maintained the physiochemical characteristics of PM_2.5. The case studies indicated that aged mice exhibited apparent heart dysfunction involving increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure after 17-week of real-ambient PM_2.5 exposure. Meanwhile, 15-week of real-ambient PM_2.5 exposure decreased the heart rate and amounts of associated catecholamines to induce heart failure in Sirt3 KO mice. Additionally, the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased platelet related indices suggested that inflammation occurred. The changes of biomarkers detected by targeted metabolomics confirmed metabolic disorder in WT and Sirt3 KO mice after exposed to real-ambient PM_2.5. These results indicated that the real-ambient PM_2.5 exposure system could evaluate the risks of certain diseases associated with air pollution and have great potential for supporting the investigations of PM_2.5 effects on other types of rodent models.     

Efficiency of active barriers attaching biofilm as sediment capping to eliminate the internal nitrogen in eutrophic lake and canal

Three active barrier materials (zeolite, ceramicite and light porous media) were applied for preventing nitrogen (N) release from eutrophic lake sediments. Long term experiment of two di erent lake sediments were carried out and the e ect of zeolite dose was evaluated. The results indicated that about 90%–100% of total N in overlying water was eliminated by using zeolite. While the N removal e ciency by ceramic was lower than that by zeolite, and light porous media present the lowest e ciency of 59%. Long term sediment incubation experiments indicated that two eutrophic sediments were both e ective in preventing N release in spite of di erent release characteristics. Bio-zeolite capping technology was able to e ectively inhibit the release of N from the sediment, and the zeolite dose was independently from N removal.     

热能喷雾处理反渗透浓盐水的实验研究

目前,反渗透废水中,高浓度的含盐量会对环境带来严重危害。本研究运用热能喷雾处理反渗透浓盐水技术,对反渗透（Reverse Osmosis,RO）出水进行处理。结果表明,该技术在热量值为4.8×106 kcal、空气流量为60 m3／h的条件下,处理效率达到了90％以上。产出的冷凝水的水质符合饮用水的相关标准;在处理量为10 L／h～12 L／h时,可达到废水零排放的效果;在处理量大于12 L／h时,排出的废水总溶解物（ Total dissolved sol-ids,TDS）很高。     

基于不同酸体系的三种消解方法结合石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定近海沉积物与生物体中的铅

以近海海洋沉积物及生物体标准物质为样品,采用王木、逆王水及混合酸体系结合湿式消解、高压微波消解、常压微波消解等三种方法消解样品,以石墨炉原子吸收法测定样品中的Pb.样品经三种方法消解后,pb元素的回收率分别为98%～105%、92%～106%和11%～42.4%.湿式消解法被用于大亚湾沉积物和牡蛎样品的处理,有较好的测定结果.     

水污染的防治对策及控制优化规划研究

水是人类生活和生产必不可少的资源,可是随着经济的快速发展,水污染问题也日益显露出来。水污染的治理与控制优化规划已成为当今环境治理领域重要的研究课题。本文主要阐述了水污染的原因,类型分析,危害,防治对策及其控制优化规划,并对以后的水污染治理进行了展望。     

小流域河流综合治理的研究

随着经济的发展,中国城市化水平越来越高,人们对河流以及整个环境的影响也越来越大,对河流的治理十分紧迫。本文首先通过阐述小流域以及小流域综合治理的概念,并提出河流生态治理的理念：治河之道决不在于改造,而在于“还原”,指出中国对小流域河流治理中存在的问题;然后通过国内外河流成功治理的实例介绍了流域治理的常用的生态工程方法（包括河道外治理、河道内治理、滨水区治理）,同时提出要在治理河流的同时重视河流的管理才能实现河流的可持续性发展。     

水体中酮硝基麝香的臭氧氧化降解研究

采用臭氧氧化水体中的酮硝基麝香,考察pH、H2O2等因素对降解程度的影响,结果表明提高初始pH能加快酮硝基麝香的氧化降解,当pH为12时,反应时间1 h,酮硝基麝香几乎完全去除,浓度为2 mol/L和5 mol/L的H2O2存在有利于O3分解生成·OH自由基,使得酮硝基麝香的氧化降解速率加快,当H2O2浓度超过5 mol/L,H2O2会成为·OH的清除剂,降低·OH利用率;无论O3单独作用和O3/H2O2协同作用,酮硝基麝香降解符合准一级动力学规律;酮硝基麝香氧化降解产物包括甲酸、二乙酸和硝酸根等,其中硝基从苯环上脱落降低了硝基麝香对环境的风险.     

低温等离子体处理柴油机NOx和PM 试验研究

建立了一种具有较强实用性的介质阻挡放电等离子体反应器试验装置.借助静态试验研究其放电特性,通过发动机台架试验探讨了利用低温等离子体处理柴油机2种主要有害排放物NOx和PM的效果和化学反应机理,并通过模拟试验作了处理PM的进一步验证.试验结果表明,放电功率对于低温等离子体活性成分的产生有重要影响,应当优选放电参数以获得高的放电功率从而达到更好的处理效果;采用低温等离子体处理柴油机排气,NOx总量变化不大,主要将NO转化成NO2;低温等离子体可以有效去除柴油机排气中的PM,去除率随能量密度的增大而提高.