湄洲湾海域营养状态评价

根据１９９２年夏秋两季湄洲湾海域水质监测结果，应用营养质量指数法和营养指数法进行营养水平评价。评价结果表明：ＮＱＩ值在１６８～３９４范围内，平均值为２６６，Ｅ值在０２７～１６６范围内，平均值为０７１，湄洲湾海域属于中等营养水平，水质良好，但近岸局部海域已处于富营养水平。Ｎ／Ｐ比值为５７∶１，Ｎ是该海域控制因子     

Effects and mechanisms of meta-sodium silicate amendments on lead uptake and accumulation by rice

The objectives of this research were to study the effects of Na₂SiO₃ application on the uptake, translocation, and accumulation of Pb in rice and to investigate the mechanisms of Pb immobilization by Na₂SiO₃ in paddy rice soils and rice plants. Pot experiments were conducted using a Cd-Pb-Zn-polluted soil and Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. Donglian 5. L₃-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to identify Pb species in soils and roots. The results showed that the application of Na₂SiO₃ increased soil pH and available soil Si but decreased DTPA-extractable Pb in the soil. High dose of Na₂SiO₃ (12.5 g/kg) reduced the Pb level in brown rice as it inhibited Pb transfer from soil to rice grains, especially Pb transfer from the root to the stem. The Pb X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopic analysis revealed that application of high dose of Na₂SiO₃ increased Pb-ferrihydrite and PbSiO₃ precipitates in the soil and in the root while it reduced Pb-humic acids (Pb-HAs) in the soil and Pb-pectin in the root. The decrease in Pb availability in the soil can be partly attributed to increase the precipitation of PbSiO₃ and the association of Pb²⁺ with Fe oxides in the soil. The inhibition of the root-to-stem translocation of Pb was partially due to the precipitation of PbSiO₃ on the root surfaces or inside the roots.     

固定化微生物法处理对氯苯酚废水的研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-硼酸法制作固定化活性污泥小球,用正交试验确定降解对氯苯酚的固定化活性污泥的最优化条件.从温度、浓度和pH 3方面比较了固定化活性污泥和游离活性污泥对对氯苯酚降解效果的影响.研究表明:固定化活性污泥降解对氯苯酚的最适宜温度为25～35℃,最适pH为6～8;固定化活性污泥对对氯苯酚的降解速度大于游离活性污泥.     

A comparative study in treating two VOC mixtures in trickle bed air biofilters

Two independent parallel trickling bed air biofilters (TBABs) ("A" and "B") with two different typical VOC mixtures were investigated. Toluene, styrene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) were the target VOCs in the mixtures. Biofilter "A" was fed equal molar ratio of the VOCs and biofilter "B" was fed a mixture based on EPA 2003 emission report. Backwashing and substrate starvation operation were conducted as biomass control. Biofilter "A" and "B" maintained 99% overall removal efficiency for influent concentration up to 500 and 300 ppmv under backwashing operating condition, respectively. The starvation study indicated that it can be an effective biomass control for influent concentrations up to 250 ppmv for biofilter "A" and 300 ppmv for "B". Re-acclimation of biofilter performance was delayed with increase of influent concentration for both biofilters. Starvation operation helped the biofilter to recover at low concentrations and delayed re-acclimation at high concentrations. Furthermore, re-acclamation for biofilter "B" was delayed due to its high toluene content as compared to biofilter "A". The pseudo first-order removal rate constant decreased with increase of volumetric loading rate for both biofilters. MEK and MIBK were completely removed in the upper 3/8 media depth. While biofilter depth utilization for the removal of styrene and toluene increased with increase of influent concentrations for both biofilters. However, toluene removal utilized more biofilter depth for biofilter "B" as compared to biofilter "A".     

不同膜组件应用于重力出水式膜生物反应器的性能比较

通过曝气强度的调节,对2种不同膜组件用于重力出水式膜生物反应器处理生活污水进行可行性研究。结果表明：本重力出水式膜生物反应器的经济曝气强度约为40 m³/(m²·h)。此时对氨氮、COD、浊度的平均去除率分别为：97.8%、90.8%和99.4%。对比膜通量与曝气强度的关系,膜组件A（膜丝材质为聚乙烯,直径0.54 mm,孔径0.4 μm,膜面积为9.0 m²）比膜组件B（膜丝材质为聚偏氟乙烯,直径0.80 mm,孔径0.22 μm,膜面积为12.5 m²）具有更好的经济性,适合于改造为重力出水式膜生物反应器。在线化学清洗方式下,膜组件A可以比膜组件B更快地恢复膜通量。     

酸洗废液制取复合亚铁的研制及应用

介绍了利用酸洗废液为原料制备复合亚铁型混凝剂的新方法 ,并用制得的产品应用于电镀和印染废水治理工程。工程应用及实验结果表明 ,对含Ni2 + 、Cu2 + 和Cr6+ 的电镀废水 ,能使Ni2 + 、Cu2 + 出水浓度 <0 .1mg/L ,Cr6+ 未检出 ,还能处理数种化学镀废液。对印染废水 ,COD去除率和脱色率可分别达到 84 %和 98%以上 ,值得进一步研究和推广     

气象灾害灾情评估指标研究与应用——以陕西为例

为了定量评估气象灾害造成的灾情,利用陕西1984-2007年气象灾害普查数据库,建立人员死亡率、农作物种植面积受灾率、直接经济损失率3个灾情因子评估指数并计算灾情综合指数,构建灾情因子和综合灾情年景定量评估指标,将气象灾情年景分为严重、较严重、一般、较轻和轻5类。利用建立的年景评估指标对陕西2008-2010年气象灾害灾情年景进行评估,应用到年度气候影响评价业务服务中。分析每种气象灾害灾情因子指数和灾情综合指数多年平均值,确定陕西危害度最大的气象灾害依次为暴雨、干旱、冰雹、连阴雨、气象地质灾害等。研究结果表明:陕西气象灾害造成的人员死亡率呈现减少趋势,多年平均值为3.23/百万,直接经济损失率变化趋势不明显,多年平均值为1.51%,农作物种植面积受灾率呈明显增加趋势,多年平均值为21.99%。     

聚丙烯酰胺废水的好氧颗粒污泥降解研究

在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)内通过逐步提高进水中聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的浓度实现了好氧颗粒污泥的驯化.经过43 d稳定运行,成功培养出性状良好且对PAM具有较高降解活性的PAM好氧颗粒污泥,其PAM平均降解速率达2.230 mg/(L·h).系统内PAM好氧颗粒污泥的混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)为9.85 g/L,污泥体积指数(SVI)为39.21 mL/g,湿污泥密度为1.034 g/cm3,平均粒径为1.85 mm,单个颗粒污泥的沉降速率为8.2～12.8 mm/s.     

基于风险的工业管道在线检测技术研究

化工装置工业管道面临焊接和腐蚀两大问题,装置的长期运行与管道定期检验的矛盾日益突出。通过对数字射线、脉冲涡流、超声导波三种管道在线检测技术的对比分析,结合基于风险的检验(RBI)理念,探索出一套适用于工业管道在线检验的技术,对节约企业成本、保障管道安全具有重要意义。     

改性钛白石膏对阳离子染料罗丹明B的吸附性能

通过不同温度煅烧改性实验比较,选择用800℃煅烧的钛白石膏作为吸附剂,研究其对阳离子染料罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,RhB)的吸附特性。利用XRD,SEM,BET对改性钛白石膏进行表征,考察了溶液pH,温度,接触时间,投加量对吸附的影响。结果表明,当RhB溶液质量浓度为9.58 mg/L,pH值为7.0,吸附剂投加量为2 g/L,吸附时间为150 min时,改性钛白石膏对RhB的最大吸附量为2.3 mg/g,较原土提高了140.1%左右。溶液温度和吸附剂投加量对钛白石膏吸附RhB吸附有很大的影响。利用准一阶,准二阶动力学模型对吸附数据进行模拟,发现该吸附过程更符合准二阶动力学模型,Langmuir和Freundlich两种吸附等温模型都能较好地描述改性钛白石膏吸附RhB的过程。通过热力学计算,得到△H0为18.5 kJ/mol,△G0<0,表明该吸附反应为自发进行的吸热反应。