新常态下环境保护新形势研究

受工业化阶段转换、需求结构调整两个新常态本质因素的影响,我国经济增速、产业结构、重工业产能、能源需求及社会阶层正在发生结构性变化,经济增长新旧动力出现转换,由过去依靠劳动力成本、企业规模、资源环境低价的数量扩张型增长向依靠深化改革和创新驱动带来的效率质量提升型增长转变。经济发展阶段的新变化、新特点,使得环境压力有望高位舒缓,环境保护有望从临界点向转折点改变,生态文明建设和环境保护也呈现新问题、新要求和新特征。     

基于可达、可行、可接受的全面小康社会环境目标研究

基于2020年我国经济社会发展情景,开展环境目标与其他目标发展协调性分析,认为环境指标负向发展突出,是全面小康社会的短板和最大制约因素。从需求侧和供给侧分析小康社会环境目标的政治、公众需求与政府的供给条件、基础和能力,通过新常态资源环境压力分析与环境质量改善国际对标研究,认为我国在社会经济发展方式转型尚未完成、环境治理投入没有持续明显提升的情况下,大幅度、全面改善环境质量还存在很大障碍。提出全面小康的环境目标定位应以环境质量为核心,响应公众对环境质量改善的期待;合理看待小康社会的历史定位,制定阶段性目标;把握生态环境可达、经济技术可行、人民群众可接受的平衡,综合确定全面小康社会的环境底线。全面小康环境目标设置应体现保底线、全覆盖、诉民生、有标杆等原则。     

Effects of salinity on the transformation of heavy metals in tropical estuary wetland soil

Tropical estuary wetlands are important for aquaculture and wildlife. However, many of them receive large amounts of anthropogenic heavy metals annually. Here, the transformation of spiked heavy metals, namely, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the effects of salinity on their transformation in wetland soils after an eight-month-long incubation under moisture-saturation conditions were studied in the Pearl River estuary in China. Cd exhibited high mobility and bioavailability, with 12.2% to 25% Cd existing in the exchangeable fraction. Other heavy metals primarily existed in the reducible and oxidisable forms, and less than 2% were bound to the exchangeable fraction. Compared with the controls, contents of none of the metals associated with residual forms were significantly altered. These results imply that most exchangeable metals, except for Cd, transformed into other stable fractions through an eight-month-long ageing process, but not into the residual fraction. Thus, transformation from non-residual to residual forms was very slow in the tropical estuary wetland environment. Addition of NaCl increased the exchangeable fractions of Cd, Pb, and Zn, suggesting that increased soil salinity induced by flood tides during the dry season may enhance their mobility.     

2006年结案的11起特别重大事故

近几年来人们普遍感到各种事故越来越多,尤其是恶性事故的频发率很高,造成重大的人员伤亡和财产损失愈发厉害,让人惊恐不安。据国家安全生产监督管理总局、监察部的通报,在2006年处理结案特别     

The Buffer Capacity of Calcareous Soils in Gansu Province of China

In this study, we added increments of acid and base to three calcareous soils from the eastern, middle and western parts of Gansu Province (China) and to three treated soils to remove calcium carbonate, organic matter and both carbonate and organic matter, respectively. the titration curves were measured and the magnitudes of buffer capacities as a function of pH were computed. It was found that the buffer capacity of calcareous soil is mainly attributed to calcium carbonate, as expected from the chemical composition of calcareous soil, while cation exchange system, silicate buffer system and organic matter play a minor role. the results clearly show that these soils of Gansu Province will not become a problem in the near future from the entrance of H⁺ into these soils.     

Impact Factors of Energy Productivity in China: An Empirical Analysis

This article developed a decomposition model of energy productivity on the basis of the economic growth model. Four factors were considered which may influence China’s energy productivity according to this model: technology improvement, resource allocation structure, industrial structure and institute arrangement. Then, an econometric model was employed to test the four factors empirically on the basis of China’s statistical data from 1978 to 2004. Results indicated that capital deepening con- tributes the most (207%) to energy efficiency improvement, and impact from labor forces (13%) is the weakest one in resource factor; industrial structure (7%) and institute innovation (9.5%) positively improve the energy productivity.     

Comparative metabolism of phenanthrene in the rat and guinea pig.

In the present study the biotransformation of phenanthrene in the rat and guinea pig was investigated. 14C-labelled phenanthrene was administered by gavage in corn oil to Sprague-Dawley rats (10 mg/kg b.w./day) and guinea pigs (10 mg/kg b.w./day). Urine and feces were separately collected for the determination of the radioactivity content, and pooled urine was used for the analysis of metabolites. Phenanthrene was metabolized by the rat and guinea pig to free hydroxylated phenanthrenes and their conjugates. The percentages of conjugates, expressed as the total urinary radioactivity, were 39% glucuronides, 24% sulfates and 18% cysteinylglycine for rats; and 39% glucuronides, 23% sulfates and 28% cysteinylglycine for guinea pigs. Enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronides and sulfates resulted in the formation of free 1,2-, 3,4- and 9,10-dihydrodiols of phenanthrene and 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene in both species.     

Fate of ochratoxin A in goats.

The fate of ochratoxin A (OA) was studied in goats given a single oral dose of 3H-OA (0.5 mg/kg). More than 90% of the radioactivity was found to be excreted in 7 days and the majority (53%) was found in feces. Thirty-eight percent, 6% and 2.26% of the activity was found in urine, milk and serum, respectively. The radioactivity in the liver and kidney 6 hours after feeding amounted to 1.5 and 0.5% of the total dose administered, respectively. Subsequent fractionation of liver and kidney homogenates revealed that microsomes, ribosomes and post-ribosomal supernatant fractions contained most radioactivity. Thin layer chromatographic analyses revealed two additional radioactive spots with Rf values and fluorescent characteristics different from OA, Oalpha and 4-OH-OA. Whereas OA was found as the unaltered molecule in feces, the metabolites were primarily found in urine and milk. Less than 0.03% of free OA was found in milk during the 7-day period.     

Feasibility study on high-temperature sorption of hydrogen sulfide by natural soils

In this study, seven natural soils were tested for the sorption of hydrogen sulfide from coal gasification gas at high temperature. Results indicate that the LP natural soil has the best performance and the highest sulfur sorption capacity. After extracting free iron oxides, most natural soils have no sorption efficiency. The free iron oxides, therefore, proved to be the major components that react with hydrogen sulfide to form iron sulfides. The sulfur sorption capacity, either determined by EA or breakthrough time, is very close to the theoretical value based on the stoichiometric calculation with the content of free iron oxides. Moreover, the presence of CO is a positive effect while H2 is a negative effect. This can be explained via the water-shift reaction. On the basis of the results of temperature-programmed sulfidation (TPS), the starting temperature for the sorption of hydrogen sulfide is between 623-673 K. From the analyses of temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO) and XPS, the iron polysulfides are the major products and approximately 90% regeneration efficiency can be theoretically achieved while the temperature is controlled higher than 813 K. In the regeneration tests, the results show that the LP natural soil can be regenerated and thus reused after the oxidation process. No significant degeneration occurs on the LP natural soil after five sorption/regeneration cycles. The sulfur sorption capacity of the tenth regenerated soil can be achieved at least 80% compared to the fresh one. The experimental analyzed SO2 concentration from the regeneration process is almost identical to the theoretical calculated equilibrium concentration of the process. Maghemite is the main product after the regeneration process.     

活性炭生物转盘法处理化工废水

使用固定剂将颗粒状活性炭固定在盘片上，制成了一种新型生物转盘盘片——活性炭生物转盘盘片。采用一级微型生物转盘法处理模拟化工废水，对比了活性炭、石英砂、聚丙烯3种生物转盘的处理效果。实验结果表明，活性炭生物转盘对COD的去除效果好于其他两种转盘。在进水COD为600mg／L、水力停留时间为6h、盘片转速为4r／min的条件下，活性炭生物转盘对COD的去除率可达71．3％。此外，活性炭生物转盘还有较强的耐有机负荷冲击能力。在废水处理过程中，活性炭仅在挂膜的前7天起吸附作用，挂膜成功后生物降解起主导作用。