城镇地区生态安全评价及对策——以上海崇明岛为例

从区域生态安全内涵出发,基于可持续发展理论、自然—经济—社会复合生态系统理论和压力(pressure)—状态(state)—响应(response)概念模型,从资源环境负荷、生态环境状态、人类社会响应3方面构建城镇生态安全评价指标体系。选择上海崇明岛处于核心地位且代表着不同城镇化水平(较高、中等、较低)的城桥镇、堡镇、陈家镇为研究对象,通过实地调研、监测、实验分析等方式获取指标数据,应用层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,并通过综合指数模型进行安全评价。评价结果表明:3个城镇生态安全综合评价结果为城桥镇(0.773 3)>陈家镇(0.762 8)>堡镇(0.749 0),社会经济的发展对资源环境的负荷较小,生态环境现状水平良好,但人类响应措施滞后;随着城镇化进程的加快,部分生态环境要素可能有恶化趋势,现已进入预警状态。     

Electricity-driven ammonia oxidation and acetate production in microbial electrosynthesis systems

• MES was constructed for simultaneous ammonia removal and acetate production. • Energy consumption was different for total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen removal. • Energy consumption for acetate production was about 0.04 kWh/g. • Nitrate accumulation explained the difference of energy consumption. • Transport of ammonia and acetate across the membrane deteriorated the performance. Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is an emerging technology for producing chemicals, and coupling MES to anodic waste oxidation can simultaneously increase the competitiveness and allow additional functions to be explored. In this study, MES was used for the simultaneous removal of ammonia from synthetic urine and production of acetate from CO₂. Using graphite anode, 83.2%±5.3% ammonia removal and 28.4%±9.9% total nitrogen removal was achieved, with an energy consumption of 1.32 kWh/g N for total nitrogen removal, 0.45 kWh/g N for ammonia nitrogen removal, and 0.044 kWh/g for acetate production. Using boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode, 70.9%±12.1% ammonia removal and 51.5%±11.8% total nitrogen removal was obtained, with an energy consumption of 0.84 kWh/g N for total nitrogen removal, 0.61 kWh/g N for ammonia nitrogen removal, and 0.043 kWh/g for acetate production. A difference in nitrate accumulation explained the difference of total nitrogen removal efficiencies. Transport of ammonia and acetate across the membrane deteriorated the performance of MES. These results are important for the development of novel electricity-driven technologies for chemical production and pollution removal.     

陆地生态系统臭氧干沉降的观测和模拟研究进展

近地层臭氧(O³)会对植物的生长和产量均产生一定的负效应。由于人类活动引起的不断升高的近地层O³浓度已经威胁到世界粮食安全。O³主要以干沉降的方式沉降到陆地生态系统,所以需要定量确定陆地生态系统中O³通量、干沉降速率和不同沉降通道的沉降过程,预测其对植物的潜在影响。介绍了目前O³干沉降的主要观测方法及其模拟模型,从4个方面(O³通量和干沉降速率的季节变化、日变化、气象因子等对O³干沉降的影响、不同O³沉降通道的沉降过程)重点评述了不同陆地生态系统O³干沉降观测和模拟的研究进展现状,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望,以期为我国未来开展相关研究工作提供借鉴。     

崇明东滩湿地土壤溶解性有机质的光谱特征分析

为了解滨海湿地土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)的组成、分布及来源特征,采用紫外可见光谱和三维荧光光谱技术,并结合平行因子模型(PARAFAC)对崇明东滩湿地表层土壤DOM进行研究。结果表明:东滩表层土壤DOM吸收系数a(355)的均值为(13.72±9.47) m^-1,呈由高潮滩向低潮滩递减的趋势;光谱斜率S_275-295的均值为(15.22±2.07)μm^-1,反映出湿地南部土壤DOM的分子量较高,受大分子有机质影响较大。PARAFAC解析出的DOM含有2类3个荧光组分,即F_C1类蛋白质、F_C2陆源类腐殖质和F_C3自生源类腐殖质,各组分对总荧光强度的贡献率分别为40.70%、23.04%和36.26%。空间分布上,3组分荧光强度的高值集中于北部互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地,且自北向南逐渐递减。荧光指数(FI)、生物源指数(BIX)和腐殖化指数(HIX)显示东滩湿地表层土壤DOM的...     

Carbamazepine degradation by heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate with lanthanum cobaltite perovskite: Performance, mechanism and toxicity

The widely used carbamazepine(CBZ) is one of the most persistent pharmaceuticals and suffers insufficient removal efficiency by conventional wastewater treatment.A synthesized Co-based perovskite(LaCoO₃) was used to activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS) in order to degrade CBZ.Results showed that LaCoO₃ exhibited an excellent performance in PMS activation and CBZ degradation at neutral pH,with low cobalt leaching.The results of FT-IR and XPS verified the high structurally and che...     

碳基材料对污水厂尾水和太湖水体中CDOM的吸附特征

采用颗粒活性炭、粉末活性炭和碳纳米管3种典型碳基材料来吸附太湖水和污水厂尾水中的有机物,考察碳基材料对水中有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的吸附特征。基于荧光光谱和平行因子分析(PARAFAC),提取出C1(腐殖酸类)、C2(色氨酸类蛋白)和C3(酪氨酸类蛋白)3个PARAFAC荧光组分。粉末活性炭和碳纳米管具有发达的中孔孔隙结构,对水中大分子有机物具有较高的吸附容量,颗粒活性炭微孔结构发达反而不利于吸附水中腐殖酸等大分子有机物。粉末活性炭对水中有机物具有最高的吸附速率,对太湖水中荧光组分C1、C2和C3 的吸附速率分别为0.278、0.358和0.359 min-1,颗粒活性炭的吸附速率明显低于粉末活性炭和碳纳米管。研究结果揭示了水中复杂混合有机物的吸附特征,为吸附工艺参数的优化提供技术参考。     

草皮缓冲带对洱海流域面源污染的削减效果

在前期植物调查和资料调研的基础上,构建了以百慕大、结缕草、混播草草皮为陆生植物的缓冲带,以洱海流域面源污染水样为这些植被缓冲带的进水,进行削减效果的现场中试实验。结果表明,裸露地表对径流SS几乎没有削减效果,而草皮缓冲带能有效截留径流SS,去除率大小顺序为混播草缓冲带> 结缕草缓冲带> 百慕大缓冲带;草皮缓冲带渗流水中的TN、TP的去除率均在60%以上,而径流水中TN、TP的去除率在40%以上;总体而言,草皮缓冲带对面源污染的削减效果沿程增强,且前段去除效果较强,后段去除效果减弱,其中混播草缓冲带的削减效果最好,百慕大缓冲带的削减效果相对较差;通过计算,当SS去除率为70%时,混播草缓冲带的最佳宽度仅为13.4 m,比百慕大缓冲带缩短了5.2 m。     

固定化硝化细菌去除生活污水中的氨氮

以聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠作为包埋载体固定硝化细菌,制备固定小球,对生活污水中的氨氮去除效果进行研究。采用平行实验考察了载体不同包菌量、载体与污水量比、活化时间、温度、DO以及载体循环次数对氨氮去除率的影响。结果表明,用包埋载体处理污水的氨氮和COD去除率明显高于传统活性污泥,且得出最佳反应条件：包埋载体的最佳活化时间为20 h,最适温度为25℃,最佳DO为3~4 mg/L。投加包埋载体比传统活性污泥法对氨氮去除效果和COD去除能力具有强化作用,投加20%的包埋载体时,反应器出水氨氮去除率提高了20%,菌体与载体比值小于1：2.5时氨氮去除率超过90.12%,固定化包埋载体去除氨氮过程比较符合一级动力学模型。     

Policy-making coordination of municipal solid waste policies in China: a content analysis

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Massive urbanization and rapid development of urban economy have increased the generation of municipal solid waste in China. Like all developing...     

Differences of the oxidation process and secondary organic aerosol formation at low and high precursor concentrations

Current atmospheric quality models usually underestimate the level of ambient secondary organic aerosol(SOA), one of the possible reasons is that the precursors at different concentrations may undergo different oxidation processes and further affect SOA formation. Therefore, there is a need to perform more chamber studies to disclose the influence. In this work, SOA formation over a wide range of initial precursor concentrations(tens of ppb to hundreds of ppb levels) was investigated in a 30 m3 indoor smog chamber,and mainly through the analysis of multiple generations of VOCs detected from HR-To FPTRMS to expound the difference in the oxidation process between low and high precursor concentrations. Compared to high initial concentrations, gas-phase intermediates formed at low concentrations had a higher intensity by about one order of magnitude, and the lowvolatility compounds also had a higher formation potential due to the competition between semi-volatile intermediates and precursors with oxidants. In addition, the formed SOA was more oxidized with higher f44 value(0.14 ± 0.02) and more relevant to real atmosphere than that formed at high concentrations. This work should help to deeply understand SOA formation and improve the performance of air quality models for SOA simulation.