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11.
Chemically mediated communication is common in spiders but has been poorly studied in burrowing tarantulas. This study aimed
to determine whether chemical cues influence the behaviour of females of Brachypelma vagans, a Mexican species of tarantula, during encounters with previously inhabited burrows or with extracts from the silk of conspecific
females. In laboratory choice tests, female tarantulas entered a burrow that had previously been inhabited by a conspecific
female significantly more frequently than a burrow that had never been inhabited. The identity of the previous inhabitant
also affected the number of spiders that chose to enter a burrow. Spiders were quicker to choose and enter a burrow previously
inhabited by themselves than a burrow previously inhabited by a conspecific or a burrow that had not been previously inhabited.
Hexane, methanol and dichloromethane extracts of conspecific silk elicited different responses from female tarantulas when
extracts were placed on filter paper disks at one end of an experimental arena with a control filter paper disk, on to which
the corresponding solvent alone had been pipetted, placed on the other end of the arena. Spiders showed the strongest responses
to hexane extracts of silk, with a significant preference to move towards the hexane extract and a significantly greater period
of time spent in proximity to the hexane extract compared to the control disk. Overall and in contrast to expectations, tarantulas
were most strongly attracted to the cues left by other conspecific females. As encounters between B. vagans females usually lead to aggression and mortality of one of the participants, we conclude that chemical cues are not signals
that are deliberately released by burrow-inhabiting females but may inadvertently escape and cannot be easily suppressed. 相似文献
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Ayari H Thomas M Doré S 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2011,17(3):221-232
An injury risk factor (IRF), which indicates the risk of adverse health effect to lumbar rachis arising from mechanical vibrations, is developed. Experiments have been conducted that consider acceleration levels at the seat of drivers, posture, morphology, density, damping rate and body mass as independent variables. A parametric finite-element model of the lumbar rachis has been generated. It is shown that the IRF increases with ageing and an IRF of 30% is proposed as a threshold for fatigue purposes. This level is reached if a peak acceleration level greater than 3 m/s2 is applied to a light (55 kg) and an old driver with a low bone density and a damping rate of 20%. This vibration threshold must be reduced to 2.7 m/s2 if the driver?s weight increases to 75 kg and to 2 m/s2 if the driver is heavy (98 kg). 相似文献
14.
Pietro Goglio Caroline Colnenne-David Patricia Laville Thierry Doré Benoît Gabrielle 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2013,11(2):143-149
Atmospheric concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas (GHG), is rising largely due to agriculture. At the plot scale, N2O emissions from crops are known to be controlled by local agricultural practices such as fertilisation, tillage and residue management. However, knowledge of greenhouse gas emissions at the scale of the cropping system is scarce, notably because N2O monitoring is time consuming. Strategies to reduce impact of farming on climate should therefore be sought at the cropping system level. Agro-ecosystem models are simple alternative means to estimate N2O emissions. Here, we combined ecosystem modelling and field measurements to assess the effect of agronomic management on N2O emissions. The model was tested with series of daily to monthly N2O emission data. It was then used to evaluate the N2O abatement potential of a low-emission system designed to halve greenhouse gas emissions in comparison with a system with high productivity and environmental performance. We found a 29 % N2O abatement potential for the low-emission system compared with the high-productivity system. Among N2O abatement options, reduction in mineral fertiliser inputs was the most effective. 相似文献
15.
The venomous striped eel catfish Plotosus
lineatus was first recorded in the Mediterranean in 2002. Within 1–3 years, it has spread throughout the entire Israeli coast. We
have studied its spatiotemporal distribution patterns via trawl surveys in order to determine the scale and extent of this
invasion. Findings indicate that a population explosion has occurred, and the catfish now inhabits all sandy and muddy substrates
up to ca 80 m. P. lineatus was found to recruit in autumn in the Mediterranean and displays similar or improved growth patterns and condition factor
compared to those found in its native habitat. We discuss the possible ecological mechanisms responsible for its success:
Benthic invaders are among its main prey items, suggesting an invasional meltdown process. We also point to the decline of
indigenous species using its trophic and behavioral–ecological niche and hypothesize that they might be outcompeted and displaced
by the catfish. 相似文献
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William Dab Claire Ségala Frédéric Dor Bernard Festy Philippe Lameloise Yvon Le Moullec 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(2):203-219
De nombreuses études épidémiologiques ont observé dans des contextes différents une faible relation à court terme entre les particules et la mortalité cardio-pulmonaire, même quand les normes de qualité de l'air n'étaient pas dépassées. La causalité de cette relation est un enjeu de santé publique en raison de l'importance de la population exposée. Notre objectif est de faire l'inventaire critique des arguments utilisés dans 15 revues de la littérature publiées. Nous expliquons l'importance de distinguer la validité de la causalité et analysons de façon systématique les différents critères de jugement dans le contexte des études écologiques temporelles. Notre conclusion est que la relation observée est valide et que la plupart des critères de causalité sont respectés. Diminuer le niveau d'exposition des populations aux particules est souhaitable. En Europe, en agissant à la source, notamment sur les émissions Diesel, on diminuera aussi d'autres polluants qui peuvent jouer un rôle sanitaire. Aux États-Unis, la situation est plus complexe car les particules sont surtout secondaires. Il est également indispensable de poursuivre les recherches pour mieux connaître les déterminants des expositions globales des individus et mieux comprendre le rôle toxique des différents facteurs physico-chimiques des particules. 相似文献
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Dab W Ségala C Dor F Festy B Lameloise P Le Moullec Y Le Tertre A Médina S Quénel P Wallaert B Zmirou D 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2001,51(2):220-235
Many epidemiologic studies have observed, in different contexts, a slight short-term relationship between particles in air and cardiopulmonary mortality, even when air quality standards were respected. The causality of this relationship is important to public health because of the number of people exposed. Our aim was to make a critical assessment of the arguments used in 15 reviews of published studies. We explain the importance of distinguishing validity from causality, and we systematically analyze the various criteria of judgment within the context of ecologic time studies. Our conclusion is that the observed relationship is valid and that most of the causality criteria are respected. It is hoped that the level of exposure of populations to these particles be reduced. In Europe, acting at the root of the problem, in particular on diesel emissions, will also enable the reduction of levels of other pollutants that can have an impact on health. In the United States, the situation is more complicated, as particles are mainly secondary. It is also essential to continue with research to become better acquainted with the determinants of personal global exposures and to better understand the toxic role of the various physicochemical factors of the particles. 相似文献
20.
James E. Lotan 《Environmental management》1979,3(1):7-14
The traditional view of fire as a destructive agent requiring immediate suppression is giving way to the view that fire can and should be used to meet land management goals. Thus,fire control is being replaced by the more general concept offire management, which is based on the need to integrate fire policy with land management objectives. The social, economic, and ecologic effects of fire must be evaluated in the selection of land management alternatives.The activities of fire management organizations—fire prevention, control, and use of fire—must respond to needs of land management. Many agencies have developed fire organizations as separate entities that set their own objectives. The many land and resource managers who have recognized the need to incorporate fire considerations into land-use planning have so far lacked the techniques to do so.As a natural process, fire has an important function in forest and range ecosystems. Fire can greatly influence the quantity and quality of resource outputs; it is a two-edged sword that can either harm or benefit our goals, depending upon the complex effects of fire and the nature of our wants.The Fire in Multiple-Use Management Research, Development, and Applications (RD&A) Program was initiated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, at the Northern Forest Fire Lab in Missoula to assist land managers. This profile explains what an RD&A program is; discusses its mission, goals, and approach to the problem; and tells why the approach involves federal laboratories, universities, and private research foundations. 相似文献