地震勘探作业过程中环境保护措施分析

文章对目前国内地震勘探作业过程中的环境保护措施现状进行了分析,并对照部分国外石油公司的作法和IAGC及国家《清洁生产促进法》的要求寻找差距,再结合国内的实际情况提出了对地震勘探作业环境保护措施的建议,同时为国内物探行业开拓国际市场,树立绿色施工、文明施工、清洁施工的良好企业形象提供了有益的参考。     

在地震勘探作业中实施"绿色勘探"

根据国家和中国石油天然气集团公司有关清洁发展、环境保护的要求,结合地震勘探生产作业的特点和实际情况,提出在地震勘探作业中实施绿色勘探需要开展的主要工作,以及完成这些工作所要具备的必要条件.     

Modelling impacts of alternative farming management practices on greenhouse gas emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation system in China

Agricultural production plays an important role in affecting atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Field measurements were conducted in Quzhou County, Hebei Province in the North China Plains to quantify carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation field, a common cropping system across the Chinese agricultural regions. The observed flux data in conjunction with the local climate, soil and management information were utilized to test a process-based model, Denitrification–Decomposition or DNDC, for its applicability for the cropping system. The validated DNDC was then used for predicting impacts of three management alternatives (i.e., no-till, increased crop residue incorporation and reduced fertilizer application rate) on CO₂ and N₂O emissions from the target field. Results from the simulations indicated that (1) CO₂ emissions were significantly affected by temperature, initial SOC, tillage method, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soils; (2) increases in temperature, initial SOC, total fertilizer N input, and manure amendment substantially increased N₂O emissions; and (3) temperature, initial SOC, tillage, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soil all had significant effects on global warming. Finally, five 50-year scenarios were simulated with DNDC to predict their long-term impacts on crop yield, soil C dynamics, nitrate leaching losses, and N₂O emissions. The modelled results suggested that implementation of manure amendment or crop residue incorporation instead of increased fertilizer application rates would more efficiently mitigate GHG emissions from the tested agro-ecosystem. The multi-impacts provided a sound basis for comprehensive assessments on the management alternatives.     

Stimulation of gaseous phosphine production from Antarctic seabird guanos and ornithogenic soils

Matrix-bound phosphine (MBP) is a general term used to indicate non-gaseous reduced phosphorus compounds that are transformed into phosphine gas upon reaction with bases or acids. Antarctic seabird guanos and ornithogenic soils were used as materials to compare the different digestion methods for transforming matrix-bound phosphine into phosphine gas. The results demonstrated that more phosphine gas in most of Antarctic environmental materials was formed of matrix-bound phosphine by caustic digestion than by acidic digestion. The comparative study on different digestion methods also revealed that the fraction of MBP converted to gaseous phosphine during the digestion depended on the temperature. The optimal digestion temperature was close to 70℃ and the optimal digestion time was about 20 min. Acidic conditions were more favorable for the release of matrix-bound phosphine compared to the central[u1] conditions. The proper additional water dilution can increase the production and emission of phosphine from the Antarctic penguin guanos.     

2001年-2007年山东省主要污染物排放强度分析

在调查2001年-2007年山东省主要污染物排放量的前提下,分析了各种污染物排放强度的变化趋势,探索了主要污染物排放量与经济发展之间的关系,并以此为突破口找出调整产业结构、加快节能技术创新、加强节能减排管理、大力发展循环经济等节能减排、降低污染物排放强度的对策。     

环境治理中府际合作的逻辑

公共事务的积累只是为制度化解决提供了必要性,当政者维护政权的根本利益需要决定了公共事务处理的优先序列。客观问题的属性和解决的迫切程度只有在政府最高层统治集团认为维系权力存续的手段具备充分的支撑条件时,才会愿意在正式制度上进行调整,为解决问题提供制度供给。新中国成立后很长一段时间内,我国环境问题并不突出,中央政府根据社会主要矛盾需要制定了以发展经济为重心的制度体系。这种制度结构使地方政府和辖区企业形成了利益共容关系。为适应竞争的需要,地方政府庇护辖区企业环境行为,机会主义地执行环境管理制度,使环境问题积累成为影响安全价值的显著因素。在国内外政治压力下,中央政府最终做出了战略调整,地方政府在中央政府制度调控下,自发地合作治理环境问题。     

光量子分解技术在污水处理站臭气污染治理中的应用

本文通过蒙牛乳业包头有限责任公司污水处理站臭气治理工程的实践,分析污水处理站臭气污染的成因、除臭工艺的原理,完善了除臭工艺设计和参数,从经济性和运行可靠性方面总结了光量子分解臭气装置在实际应用方面的优劣。     

良好的作业条件是实现矿山本质安全的基础

矿山井下开采是一种工作环境特殊的职业.长期以来,多数矿山的现场作业条件较差,井下工作面场地狭窄,地质条件复杂,水、火、尘、顶板、有毒有害气体等灾害时刻威胁着矿工的人身安全.即使在矿山地表,也多是条件简陋,投入不足.长时间工作或生活在这样的环境中,不仅会对矿工、家属的身体健康造成伤害,而且还会对矿工的心理健康产生不良影响.长期以来人们对良好的作业条件存在片面的认识,不少人简单地认为,良好的作业条件就是生产机具、设备安全性能以及生产场所周围环境等.在生产管理中更是不重视良好的作业条件,只关注一些表面现象.……     

兽药阿苯达唑的蚯蚓繁殖毒性研究

阿苯达唑是目前应用广泛的高效抗寄生虫兽药,其残留对蚯蚓等土壤动物的繁殖毒性鲜见报道.本研究选择了阿苯达唑的5个染毒剂量(1、3、6、9和12 mg·kg-1),检测染毒56 d阿苯达唑对蚯蚓产茧、孵化及其幼蚓产生的影响,以及染毒14 d蚯蚓精子畸形率和精子细胞超微结构的变化.结果表明,染毒28 d时,卵茧数量比其他繁殖参数(卵茧重和孵化率)对低剂量阿苯达唑敏感,随着染毒剂量(3~12 mg·kg-1)增加,卵茧数量显著降低(p0.01),呈现明显的剂量-效应关系;染毒56 d时,幼蚓重量比其他繁殖参数(幼蚓数量和孵化率)敏感,产生有毒作用的最低染毒剂量为3 mg·kg-1(p0.01).短期染毒14 d时,精子细胞的超微结构在染毒剂量为3~12 mg·kg-1时发生明显变化,尤其是线粒体,而精子畸形率发生明显变化的最低剂量为6 mg·kg-1,可见,短期染毒时精子细胞的超微结构比光镜下的精子畸形率敏感.该研究结果可为阿苯达唑残留的土壤生态毒理及早期监测提供依据.     

Adsorption of benzene,cyclohexane and hexane on ordered mesoporous carbon

Ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) with high specific surface area and large pore volume was synthesized and tested for use as an adsorbent for volatile organic compound (VOC) disposal. Benzene, cyclohexane and hexane were selected as typical adsorbates due to their different molecular sizes and extensive utilization in industrial processes. In spite of their structural differences, high adsorption amounts were achieved for all three adsorbates, as the pore size of OMC is large enough for the access of these VOCs. In addition, the unusual bimodal-like pore size distribution gives the adsorbates a higher diffusion rate compared with conventional adsorbents such as activated carbon and carbon molecular sieve. Kinetic analysis suggests that the adsorption barriers mainly originated from the difficulty of VOC vapor molecules entering the pore channels of adsorbents. Therefore, its superior adsorption ability toward VOCs, together with a high diffusion rate, makes the ordered mesoporous carbon a promising potential adsorbent for VOC disposal.