基于X射线荧光分析原理的大气重金属在线分析仪的维护与质控

近年来大气细颗粒物中重金属元素成分的监测是细颗粒物化学成分监测的热点之一,这一类物质的在线监测在国内应用越来越多,笔者研究和探讨了影响X射线荧光法大气重金属在线分析仪器运行质量的主要运维工作和质量控制方法,提出了该仪器在线监测中的运维及质控要求,为环境监测工作者提供参考,以获得更加准确的监测数据。     

预报方法导向的系统化空气质量预报业务作业平台设计

中国正在开展环境空气质量预报能力建设,其中最关键的业务支撑是预报业务平台。以往的业务作业平台设计多是从软件编程的便利性出发,按照预报要素进行分类,很少按照预报方法或预报流程设计。研究讨论了预报作业平台的设计方法,遵循预报方法流程和人体工程学设计2个原则。其中,遵循预报方法流程能够使业务作业工作获得最大的便利;参考人体工程学,利于操作与完成的高效性和简洁度。目前,中国的环境空气质量预报平台还处于初期发展阶段,有待不断地探索和完善,因此,研究讨论一个有效的业务作业平台设计框架,将有利于促进全国空气质量预报业务平台能力建设的开展和业务体系的发展。     

大气自然降尘与单株人体正常菌的体外相互作用研究

对5种大气自然降尘主要化学成分进行分析,并对其与表皮葡萄球菌相互作用后各培养液中pH值、葡萄糖(GLU)、电解质以及Mn2 、Zn2 、Fe3 、Ni3 等浓度的变化进行测定,以比较粉尘的化学成分及物理性状对试验目标菌生长的影响.同时通过SEM分析对粉尘与细菌作用过程中细菌形态和界面作用的情况进行了研究.结果表明,各种大气尘粒所含化学成分不同,与细菌作用后离子溶出量也不完全相同;Ca2 或Mg2 含量高的大气尘粒能使表皮葡萄球菌数量增大并增加其对GLU的利用;粉尘颗粒越小,越易与菌体结合;另外,粉尘颗粒形状的不规则性也大大增加了其与菌体间的膜界结合程度.     

穿越水体天然气管道的泄漏气和沼气的辨别技术

为精确分析天然气管道穿越水体或淤泥表面冒出气泡中气体全部组分及摩尔含量,排除天然气管道泄漏的可能性,对采集气体样品进行气相色谱检测与甲烷碳同位素相对含量检测.结果表明:通过对比穿越水体管道内天然气组分发现,2类气体样品存在很大特征性差异,排除天然气管道泄漏可能性.研究结果可为类似事件处置提供理论依据.     

污染治理前后小清河上游浮游植物群落变化与水质评价

为研究小清河污染治理前后浮游植物群落与水质变化,分别于2015年(治理前)和2020年(治理后)在小清河上游进行采样调查。调查结果显示,2015年样品中共检出浮游植物6门35种,2020年样品中共检出4门31种。配对样本t检验结果显示,污染治理前后的浮游植物种类、密度都发生了显著改变。相比治理前,治理后的硅藻门和绿藻门相对丰度分别上升了51.6个百分点和13.3个百分点,蓝藻门下降了62.9个百分点,小环藻(Cyclotella spp.)取代微囊藻(Microcysitis spp.)成为绝对优势种,群落类型由蓝藻型演替为硅藻型。相似性分析结果和相似度百分比分析结果表明,小清河上游群落特征发生显著改变。非度量多维标度分析结果显示,治理后的S2与S3采样点群落特征表现出差异,S4与S1采样点群落特征相似。通过冗余分析发现,治理后,TP、DO对浮游植物群落的影响明显减弱,TN、NH₃-N、pH是目前影响群落特征的主要指标,主城区氮磷污染对浮游植物的影响范围由S2、S3、S4采样点缩小到S2采样点。治理前后的小清河上游Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Marglef丰富度指数存在显著差异。总体来看,治理后的小清河上游水质处于α-中污染状态,较治理前有明显改善。     

PVC的热解脱氯动力学分析

采用动态热重法对PVC热解脱氯反应动力学进行了研究,对不同升温速率下TG曲线采用下同方法分析,计算出反应速率常数、反应级数、活化能等脱氯反应动力学参数,并推断出反应机制,分析结果表明,PVC热解存在两个阶段,氯原子主要在250℃-300℃之间以HCl的形式释放,且反应为一级反应。     

类Fenton试剂氧化降解土壤中PAHs及其影响因素研究

使用类Fenton试剂可以有效降解土壤中的多环芳烃（PAHs）。选择4种PAHs菲、芘、苯并[a]芘、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘作为考察对象,研究了类Fenton试剂对土壤中PAHs的降解条件。单因素降解实验结果表明,在H2O2浓度为0.5mol/L,Fe（NO3）3浓度为0.1 mol/L,水土比为3∶1,反应时间为...     

Apolipophorin III and transmission electron microscopy as toxicity indicators for harmaline and tea saponin in Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

Apolipophorin III, traditionally known for lipid transport in insects is fairly established as toxicity indicator against harmaline and tea saponin during this study. Apolipophorin III expressed in the hemolymph and midgut tissues of 3rd, 4th, 5th larval instars and pupae of Spodoptera exigua. Apolipophorin III presence was further confirmed by achieving its partial cDNA (Genbank accession no. FJ606822) of 448 bp. qRT PCR revealed that tea saponin resulted in significant reduction of gene expression in 3rd and 4th larval instars but increased in 5th instar as compared to control. Harmaline caused gradual increase of gene expression in 3rd, 4th and 5th instars after feeding on the treated diet. Fifth instar larvae synonymously resulted in the highest gene expressions against both the biochemicals. After the injection of harmaline and tea saponin abrupt increase in gene expression of 4th, 5th larval instar and pupae was observed as compared to control treatment. Transmission electron microscopy of midgut epithelium after being fed with harmaline and tea saponin depicted certain cytological changes. Harmaline treatment lead to cytoplasm vacuolization, mitochondrial disruption, spherocrystals with concentric layers, irregular nucleus and floating nuclei in cytoplasm. Tea saponin treatment resulted in denser cytoplasm, higher intracellular osmotic concentration and reduced complement of apical microvilli. Cells were found to have only a few mitochondria and glycogen deposits in comparison to control treatment.     

A novel direct equipartition ray design (EquRay) procedure for toxicity interaction between ionic liquid and dichlorvos

Background, aim and scope  

Pollutants always co-exist in the environment. Determining and characterizing the interaction among chemicals is an important issue. Experimental designs (ED) play an important role in evaluating the interactions. The main aim of our study is to provide the test and analysis of the toxicity interaction with a novel ED method.     

Spatial Patterns of Macrobenthic Communities in Shallow-Water Tidal Embayments and Their Association with Environmental Factors

This study examines the distribution, composition, and structure of benthic communities in nine shallow-water semienclosed embayments on Cape Cod, southeastern Massachusetts. The spatial patterns were used to associate benthic characteristics with local environmental factors. Field data from multiple years were collected to measure macrofaunal abundance, community composition, and environmental characteristics. Multivariate statistics were used to analyze the spatial variations of species composition and the abundance of benthic macrofauna. Canonical ordination, specifically redundancy analysis, was used to determine the relative importance of the environmental factors (nutrients and habitat factors) being studied. The analyses demonstrate that the benthic communities in the shallow tidal embayments are clearly clustered in association with the local environments. Species composition and community structure of the benthic macrofauna are significantly correlated with water column parameters, especially with phytoplankton biomass, total nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen.