肝素提取废水的GC-MS分析和处理研究

肝素钠废水含有高浓度无机盐和大量有机污染物,对环境具有潜在的毒性且难以处理,已经受到环境工作者的关注。为了了解废水的主要成分和处理此类废水,本实验用GC-MS对废水进行了分析,并且利用芬顿试剂对其进行了处理,结果发现废水中有机物有26种,其中脂肪酸和芳香衍生物占有较大比例,处理后,有机成分只有3种;讨论了影响处理效果的因素和最佳的工艺条件,发现当pH 值为6.66,硫酸亚铁和过氧化氢的量分别为2.5 g/L和2.8‰ (v/v),搅拌速度为2 000 r/min, 搅拌时间为15 min时,COD的去除率可达到94.50%。     

环己酮生产废水厌氧生物处理实验及中试研究

采用经絮凝Fe/C微电解pH调节预处理过的某化工厂环己酮生产废水对自制UBF反应器的启动和运行进行了厌氧生物处理研究,该废水主要成分为环己酮、环己醇、环己烷等难降解有机物,COD=10 000～40 000 mg/L,pH=1～4,此外废水中还含有部分有机酸、Na₂SO₄、油类物质及少量的苯。通过对实验数据的分析得出UBF的最佳运行参数：VLR=2.36～3.26 kg COD/(m³·d)时,COD去除效率为61.74%～65.86%。中试工程依据本研究的实验结果并结合实际情况对废水进行了有效的处理,经6个多月的调试,出水水质符合相关技术标准。     

5种铁氧化物去除As(V)性能的比较研究

为了从铁氧化物中筛选得到潜在经济有效的除砷材料,对5种铁氧化物去除As(V)的性能进行了比较研究。吸附实验结果表明,其吸附容量依次为施氏矿物四方纤铁矿水铁矿赤铁矿针铁矿,其吸附过程均符合准二级动力学,约24 h时吸附达到平衡。其中,pH=5时,施氏矿物的吸附容量达到83 mg/g。分别投加500 mg/L和300 mg/L的施氏矿物,可将含砷1.484 mg/L和0.850 mg/L、高TOC含量和高pH特征的模拟配水砷浓度降至0.01 mg/L以下。鉴于施氏矿物良好的吸附除砷性能,进一步通过SEM、FTIR和电位滴定对其表面特性进行了深入研究,结果显示,本研究中制备的施氏矿物存在结构性或表面吸附的SO42-,其(质子)表面位密度约为4.32个/nm2,表面质子化常数pK1为4.60,pK2为-8.98。     

三维电极电吸附动态反应器的除氟特征研究

采用自制的单极性复合型三维阳极作为第三维电极对含氟水进行动态电促吸附实验,通过研究不同填充床高度、阴阳极板间距、隔膜材料对电促吸附除氟效果的影响,确定反应器的最佳结构参数为:填充床高度20 cm、阴阳极板间距4 cm、隔膜为nafion117膜。工作电压、进水pH、进水流速、共存物质对氟离子去除效果的影响结果表明:在一定范围内增大工作电压,降低进水pH或进水流速均可提高除氟效果。相应的最佳操作条件为:工作电压7 V、进水流速4 mL/min、酸性pH;腐殖酸和碳酸根离子的存在会对氟离子去除产生较强抑制作用,低浓度的氯离子可促进氟离子的电促吸附。扫描电镜(SEM)-电子能谱(EDX)的表征结果显示三维颗粒电极的表面及孔隙内部均可吸附氟离子,且电吸附后并未出现电极腐蚀现象。     

三峡库区支流回水区水体分层与藻类生长

三峡水库自2003年蓄水以来,库区支流形成了长短不一的回水河段,缓慢的水流和蓄积的营养盐导致回水河段由库区蓄水之初在短时间内出现水华,逐步发展到一年内水华可维持数月。为了研究回水区水环境与水华发生的关系,从2013年4月—12月,对库区北岸最大支流澎溪河的长年回水区——高阳平湖进行了定点监测。监测结果显示,季节性变化及三峡库区特殊的调度方式,导致高阳平湖水体在春、夏和秋季有明显分层。春季水华期间藻类群落结构单一,只出现4门9属,以蓝藻门的微囊藻(Microcystis)、绿藻门的实球藻(Pandorina)和空球藻(Eudorina)为主,秋季藻类结构组成增至7门52属,优势属逐渐被硅藻门的小环藻(Cyclotella)和针杆藻(Synedra)取代,水体各层藻类细胞密度差异消失。研究结果说明高阳平湖水体分层状况影响藻类生长和分布。     

Adsorption characteristics of Cu(II) from aqueous solution onto biochar derived from swine manure

The purpose of this study was to investigate adsorption characteristic of swine manure biochars pyrolyzed at 400 °C and 700 °C for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The biochars were characterized using BET surface area, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM–EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The adsorption of Cu(II) ions by batch method was carried out and the optimum conditions were investigated. The adsorption processes of these biochars are well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherm closely fitted the Sips model. Thermodynamic analysis suggested that the adsorption was endothermic. The maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacities of biochars derived from fresh and composted swine manure at 400 °C were 17.71 and 21.94 mg g^?1, respectively, which were higher than those at 700 °C. XRD patterns indicated that the silicate and phosphate particles within the biochars served as adsorption sites for Cu(II). The removal of Cu(II) ions from industrial effluent indicated that the fresh swine manure biochar pyrolyzed at 400 °C can be considered as an effective adsorbent.     

Biostyr曝气生物滤池处理城市污水的沿程生化特性

青岛市麦岛污水处理厂采用曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理城市污水,以稳定运行的Biostyr为研究载体,考察滤池COD、NH3-N、SS和细菌数量等生化特性的沿程变化.结果表明,在气水比为4∶1～5∶1、进水COD负荷为2.5 ～3.7 kg/(m3·d)、进水NH3-N负荷为0.18～0.57 kg/(m3·d)时,滤池对COD的降解主要在150 cm填料以下处,COD的去除率可达58.9％;NH3-N去除率沿滤柱高度的变化与COD有所不同,在100 cm以下填料处,NH3-N的去除率仅为3.6％,在100 ～350 cm填料之间,NH3-N的去除率增加迅速,可达56.1％;对SS的去除主要发生在100 cm填料以下,去除率达51.7％.     

生物过滤技术在恶臭污染治理中的应用研究

利用生物技术治理恶臭污染是一项有效经济的环境友好技术,生物技术目前正成为一种处理各种废气的有效的选择.研究了生物过滤技术在不同恶臭环境中的应用效果,分析了应用过程中出现的一些问题,介绍了生物过滤技术治理恶臭气体的原理和过程.研究结果表明,生物过滤设备在生活污水厂和垃圾压缩站具有理想的恶臭净化效果,但不能满足挥发性有机废气的净化需求,仍然需要工艺的改进和完善.     

区域环境问题和区际环境协作

本文阐述了区域环境问题的形成机制和区域间环境影响机制 ,提出进行区际环境协作加强区际环境调控以解决区域环境问题的新思路。     

Spatial Dynamics of Soil Moisture in a Complex Terrain in the Semi‐Arid Loess Plateau Region,China1

Abstract: Soil moisture is an important hydrological variable in reforestation practices in a water‐limited region of the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatial dynamics of soil moisture on a complex terrain. During 2004‐2006, a total of 313 sample points in two kinds of grid (2 × 2 m and 20 × 20 m) were arranged for soil moisture measurements (two soil layers: 0‐30 and 30‐60 cm) with Time Domain Reflectometry. The geostatistical properties of soil moisture patterns, the variance and correlation structure of the soil moisture, and the effects of terrain factors on soil moisture were analyzed. The results suggested that our sampling grid captured the spatial variability of soil moisture distributions for this complex terrain. Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis statistics showed that soil moisture decreased as slope gradient increased; that sunny aspects (112.5°‐292.5°) had relatively lower soil moisture than did shady aspects (292.5°‐112.5°); that soil moisture was lowest in the SWW direction and highest in the NWN direction; and that hillslope aspect was the main factor affecting soil moisture in the 0‐ to 30‐cm soil layer, whereas the main factor for the 30‐ to 60‐cm layer was slope gradient. It was found that the relative values of soil moisture for steep slopes (>36%) with shady aspect (292.5°‐112.5°), gentle slopes (<36%) with sunny aspect (112.5°‐292.5°), and steep slopes with sunny aspect were 99, 82, and 80, respectively – assuming a soil moisture value of 100 for gentle slopes with shady aspect. The results of this study are expected to be relevant to and useful for reforestation planning and design, parameterization of distributed hydrology models, and land productivity assessment in the study region.