基于CFD的注采管柱接头修复胶液渗流规律研究*

为探讨注胶方法修复井下注采管柱螺纹接头缝隙的可行性,采用计算流体动力学欧拉-欧拉多相流方法构建胶液在注采管柱接头缝隙内的渗流流动数值仿真模型,模拟注胶压力驱动下修复胶液在管柱接头螺纹缝隙内的渗流过程,通过多工况条件下胶液在螺纹缝隙内的渗流数值模拟,研究注胶压力、胶液密度和螺纹失效缝隙对胶液渗流过程的影响。结果表明:基于欧拉-欧拉多相流的数值模型可有效预测胶液在管柱接头缝隙内的流动;胶液在狭缝内的渗流深度与注胶压力呈正比;胶液渗流深度与胶液密度呈反比;胶液渗流深度与螺纹缝隙尺寸呈正比。     

基于蒙特卡洛方法的油气井管柱可靠性评估*

为提高油气井管柱服役的安全性,采用数据统计与可靠性理论评估油气井管柱可靠性。首先,识别影响管柱外载及其参数的变量,构建油气井管柱安全极限状态方程;然后,采集模型变量数据,确定变量分布与参数,形成油气井管柱可靠性数值模型;最后,通过蒙特卡洛方法计算影响管柱可靠性的关键变量和不同置信度水平下管柱剩余强度分布及安全系数取值。结果表明:目标区域油气井管柱剩余强度符合正态分布,得到不同置信度水平下管柱的可靠度,管柱的安全系数取值范围可满足管柱安全设计要求,所构建的方法可为实际生产中油气井井筒管柱安全评价提供技术支撑。     

中压燃气管道泄漏工况下流量扰动幅度模拟分析*

为检测和定位燃气管道泄漏,基于泄漏定位公式,利用模拟软件Pipeline Studio构建等效中压管道模型,模拟不同工况条件下燃气管道泄漏动态。结果表明:泄漏发生后,一定时域内用户端流量将出现扰动,供气压力越高、供气量越大、泄漏孔径越小、管道长度越长,流量扰动持续时间越长;忽略管长影响,泄漏位置越接近气源,流量扰动幅度越易出现先增大后减小趋势,反之易出现单调递减趋势;泄漏端位置距离用户端越近,流量扰动幅度越大,反之越小。研究结果可为燃气管道泄漏检测和定位提供理论依据。     

国内外相关标准对我国高含硫气田钻完井的适应性研究

通过对国内外含硫气井钻完井相关标准的调研,分析了国内外相关标准对我国高含硫气田钻完井的适应性。     

欧洲大气挥发性有机物大尺度监测进展及启示

开展大气臭氧前体物挥发性有机物(VOCs)的大尺度监测对于臭氧污染的联防联控有重要意义。欧洲早在20世纪90年代初就开展VOCs大尺度监测,而中国自2018年才开始建设全国性的VOCs监测网络,目前处于起步发展阶段。通过总结欧洲VOCs大尺度监测的发展历程、监测指标、质量保证及监测结果等,对中国VOCs监测提出建议:开展VOCs监测的顶层设计,对全国VOCs监测进行统一科学规划,保持VOCs监测的稳定性和持续性;通过科学方法筛选优化VOCs监测指标体系,构建统一的监测技术体系和质量管理体系,优先确保监测结果的准确性和可比性;将VOCs监测与现有的大气常规六参数常规监测网、颗粒物组分监测网等其他大气监测网有机融合,形成一个综合而丰富的大气环境监测网络,同时满足业务和科研需求。     

脆弱生态区类型划分及其脆弱特征分析

本文应用聚类分析方法,根据全国各县市耕地面积等26项指标的有关数据,对我国生态区进行了类型划分,还分别以环境资源因子、经济发展水平因子、经济技术替代能力因子、域外支持能力因子以及社会发展水平因子等5类因子为聚类变量,对我国脆弱生态区进行了类型划分,并对脆弱特征进行了分析。     

Different sources of rural household energy consumption and influencing factors in Dazu,China

Rural household energy consumption is an important component of national energy consumption. This paper explores the rural household energy consumption status and influencing factors on different sources of rural household energy consumption in western China. Using data from a survey of 240 households conducted in 2017, this study finds that rural households’ energy consumption structure in the study area is a combination of traditional biomass energy and commercial energy sources. Fuelwood is the most commonly used fuel in the study area, while modern energy sources only occupy a low proportion. Rural household energy consumption is influenced by various factors. Individual perceptions of climate change, social trust and networks, and households’ socio-economic and demographic factors (gender, age, education, income per capita, household size, household location, and number of household appliances) are identified as having significant effects on rural households’ consumption of biomass and commercial energies. The research results provide implications for policy makers to formulate related rural energy policies to improve the rural energy consumption structure and future energy policy design in China and other developing countries.

     

低温等离子体氧化氨气影响因素及动力学研究

采用电晕放电低温等离子体处理模拟氨气恶臭气体,考察了输入功率、初始浓度、气体湿度、停留时间等因素对降解效果和能量效率的影响,同时对反应过程进行了动力学研究。研究表明,输入功率以及停留时间对氨气降解的影响是积极的,但能量效率随着两者的增加先增大后减小。氨气的降解率随着初始浓度的增加而降低,而能量效率随着输入功率的增加而增加。氨气降解率和能量效率均随着气体湿度的增加而增加,当气体湿度为45%时达到最大值,然而随着气体湿度的进一步增加,其降解率和能量效率反而降低。反应尾气中臭氧浓度随着输入功率的增加而不断升高,而氨气的存在却使臭氧浓度有不同程度的降低。对电晕放电低温等离子体处理NH3的反应动力学进行了分析,得到NH3的反应速率常数为kNH3=0.0707 m3/(W·h)。     

Local ecological knowledge and incremental adaptation to changing flood patterns in the Amazon delta

The need for understanding the factors that trigger human responses to climate change has opened inquiries on the role of indigenous and local ecological knowledge (ILK) in facilitating or constraining social adaptation processes. Answers to the question of how ILK is helping or limiting smallholders to cope with increasing disturbances to the local hydro-climatic regime remain very limited in adaptation and mitigation studies and interventions. Herein, we discuss a case study on ILK as a resource used by expert farmer-fishers (locally known as Caboclos) to cope with the increasing threats on their livelihoods and environments generated by changing flood patterns in the Amazon delta region. While expert farmer-fishers are increasingly exposed to shocks and stresses, their ILK plays a key role in mitigating impacts and in strengthening their adaptive responses that are leading to a process of incremental adaptation (PIA). We argue that ILK is the most valuable resource used by expert farmer-fishers to adapt the spatial configuration and composition of their land-/resource-use systems (agrodiversity) and their produced and managed resources (agrobiodiversity) at landscape, community and household levels. We based our findings on ILK on data recorded for over the last 30 years using detailed ethnographic methodologies and multitemporal landscape mapping. We found that the ILK of expert farmer-fishers and their “tradition of change” have facilitated the PIA to intensify a particular production system to optimize production across a broad range of flood conditions and at the same time to manage or conserve forests to produce resources and services.     

城市环境安全模糊综合评价方法研究

北京作为我国的首都、环境保护的首善之区,在环境问题上应该,也必须是安全的。但实际上,北京大气污染、水体污染日益加剧,水资源紧张,环境安全形势严峻。本文根据2005—2014年十年环境污染统计数据,运用层次分析法、灰色聚类分析法对北京市城市环境安全进行了评价分析,结果表明,北京市城市环境安全度为6.3~6.89,属于较安全级别。十年来北京市环境安全状况呈好转趋势,环境安全度最低值出现在2006年,最高值出现在2011年,增幅9%。地表水的氨氮、BOD、高锰酸盐指数及大气污染中的PM10污染相对严重。PM10安全度指数2005—2007年偏低,由于奥运减排措施的持续作用及沙尘影响减弱,2006—2013年安全度逐年增高,2014年安全度略有下降,但整体呈好转趋势。北京市地表水污染仍为有机污染型,2005—2014年的十年间,通过结构减排、工程减排、监管减排等措施,地表水有机污染得到很大改善,各项污染物浓度总体呈下降趋势。总体而言,环境空气质量仍未达标,水环境污染仍较突出,应针对评价结果加大相应的环境治理措施,确保首都环境安全。