玉米-土壤和大豆-土壤体系中95Zr的消长动态

采用模拟污染物的同位素示踪技术进行了⁹⁵zr在2种作物-土壤体系中的消长动态研究,并应用库室模型和非线性回归方法确定了各体系的拟合方程.结果显示:①玉米和大豆从土壤中吸收的⁹⁵Zr主要集中在根部,且根部中的⁹⁵Zr比活度随时间呈缓慢增加,并在经历一段时间后逐渐趋于动态平衡;其余各部位的比活度较低,较大部分接近于本底水平,表明⁹⁵Zr被玉米和大豆根系吸收后不易在其体内迁移、输运;②喷施进入土壤中的⁹⁵Zr主要滞留在表层(0～8cm)土壤中,其量占总量的97.5%以上,表明⁹⁵Zr被表层土壤吸附,不易随水流向下迁移;③对实验数据进行回归分析,得玉米和大豆植株中⁹⁵Zr比活度的消长动态拟合方程为C_m(t)=3.2067(1-e^01582t)和C_b(t)=3.0925(1-e^-0.1363t),经方差分析,表明回归方程较好地反应了⁹⁵Zr在玉米-土壤和大豆-土壤体系中的消K动态.     

镉胁迫对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌物的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同Cd质量分数(0、50、100、200 mg.kg-1)对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖的影响,旨在探明根系分泌物对续断菊超积累Cd的影响。结果表明:Cd胁迫下续断菊根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖的质量浓度显著增加,同时,总有机酸、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸又促进了植株对Cd的吸收。随着Cd处理质量分数的增加,续断菊地上部和根部镉质量分数显著增加,90 d时续断菊地上部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.999(P<0.01)和0.995(P<0.01),根部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度也呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.998(P<0.01)和0.987(P<0.05);Cd对续断菊根系可溶性糖的分泌、游离氨基酸的合成有刺激作用,根系分泌的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸可能在续断菊累积镉的过程中有重要作用。     

Response of ecological storage and conservation to land use transformation: A case study of a mining town in China

Rapid land use transformation shaped by agriculture, industrialization and population urbanization has a great influence on ecological environment. Based on theory of ecosystem service functions, this study aims at revealing the response of ecological storage and conservation to each unit area of land use transformation. Taking Cishan Town, a mining town in China, as a case study, this paper estimates the “past-present-future” ecological storage impacted by the process, result and possibility of land use transformation. The local land use and industrial distribution show that the active areas of land use transformation are also the areas of concentration of human (industrial) activities. Ecological storage shows the different responses to land use ways. And then this study combines the ecological storage indices with the indices of ecosystem pattern and land condition into the“5A” framework (active state, active degree, active possibility, active balance and active condition) for grading ecological conservation, and then assigns all regions of Cishan Town into different grades through membership functions for complex mapping of ecological conservation. The research results show that the ecological conservation in Cishan goes toward two extreme grades (best grade and worst grade). Uneven and unbalanced land use transformation is the main cause of that. Hence, rational and timely reflection of impact of land use transformation on ecological storage and conservation can assist land use planners and local government in adjusting land use ways and balancing regional ecology and economy.     

Manure sampling for nutrient analysis: variability and sampling efficacy

Reliable estimation of nutrient concentrations is required to manage animal manure for protecting waters while sustaining crop production. This study was conducted to investigate sample variability and reliable nutrient analysis for several manure types and handling systems. Serial samples were collected from dairy, swine, and broiler poultry operations while manure was being loaded onto hauler tanks or spreaders for field application. Samples were analyzed for total solids (TS), total nitrogen (N), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4-N), total phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The least number of samples needed for reliable testing of total N and P, defined as +/- 10% of the experimental means with 99% probability, was obtained for each farm using a computer-intensive random resampling technique. Sample variability within farms, expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV), was mostly 6 to 8% for farms that used agitation of manure storages but several times higher (20-30%) on farms where no agitation was applied during the sampling period. Results from the random resampling procedure indicated that for farms that used agitation, three to five samples were adequate for a representative composite for reliable testing of total N and P; whereas for farms without agitation, at least 40 samples would be required. Data also suggest that using book values for manure nutrient estimations could be problematic because the discrepancies between book standards and measured farm data varied widely from a small amount to several fold.     

Anaerobic benzene biodegradation by a pure bacterial culture of Bacillus cereus under nitrate reducing conditions

A pure culture using benzene as sole carbon and energy sources was isolated by screening procedure from gasoline contaminated soil. The analysis of the 16S rDNA gene sequence, morphological and physiological characteristics showed that the isolated strain was a member of genus Bacillus cereus. The biodegradation performance of benzene by B. cereus was evaluated, and the results showed that benzene could be e ciently biodegraded when the initial benzene concentration was below 150 mg/L. The metabolites of anaerobic nitrate-dependent benzene oxidation by strain B. cereus were identified as phenol and benzoate. The results of substrate interaction between binary combinations for benzene, phenol and benzoate showed that the simultaneous presence of benzene stimulated the degradation of benzoate, whereas the addition of benzene inhibited the degradation of phenol. Benzene degradation by B. cereus was enhanced by the addition of phenol and benzoate, the enhanced e ects were more pronounced at higher concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first report that the isolated bacterial culture of B. cereus can e ciently degraded benzene under nitrate reducing conditions.     

超声-电凝聚除磷技术及动力学分析

采用超声辅助电凝聚技术处理含磷废水,研究该技术的可行性及其特点.通过对比实验表明,在相同实验条件下,超声辅助电凝聚除磷效率比磁力搅拌电凝聚除磷效率高18.40%.进行L16(44)四水平四因素正交优化试验,结果表明,超声-电凝聚除磷的影响因素主次关系依次为pH、磷初始浓度、电混凝时间、电极间距.在最优组合工艺条件下,即电极间距为2cm,pH为7,电混凝时间为3min,磷初始浓度为10mg·L-1,磷的去除率达到99.60%.初步分析了超声-电凝聚除磷的机理以及超声在电凝聚除磷过程中的作用.动力学分析表明,超声-电凝聚除磷符合零级反应动力学规律.能耗估算表明,超声-电凝聚技术除磷的单位磷能耗明显低于磁力搅拌电凝聚除磷的单位磷能耗.     

现代化环境空气质量监测网络构想

本文从环境空气质量监测网络现存的问题出发,结合卫星遥感、航空测量、地理信息系统等先进的环境监测技术,提出现代化环境空气质量监测网络构想。     

抗旱气象服务分析探讨

干旱在我国是最常见、对农业生产、人畜饮水和水力发电影响最大的自然灾害,近年来抗旱气象服务已成为气象服务工作中的重要组成部分。本文通过分析2009年以来北方冬麦区抗旱、西南地区抗旱和长江中下游地区抗旱的气象服务典型案例,总结区域和阶段性旱情的时空分布特征及气象服务内容,提炼出抗旱气象服务的特点,剖析了气象部门服务流程,总结出抗旱气象服务的成功经验和不足,并对将来更好地做好抗旱气象服务给出了几点启示。     

混合表面活性剂对植物吸收有机氯农药的影响

以水培体系模拟研究了阴-非离子混合表面活性剂SDBS-TX100对黑麦草吸收有机氯农药（OCPs）p,p＇-DDT和γ-HCH的影响.结果发现,在SDBS与TX100物质的量比（以下简称＂配比＂）为0：10,1：9,5：5,9：1时,能促进黑麦草吸收积累OCPs.SDBS-TX100增强黑麦草吸收OCPs的程度与混合表...     

Effects of overlying water aeration on phosphorus fractions and alkaline phosphatase activity in surface sediment

Microbial activity may influence phosphorus (P) deposit and release at the water sediment interface. The properties of DO (dissolved oxygen), pH, P fractions (TP, Ca-P, Fe-P, OP, IP), and APA (alkaline phosphatase activity) at the water sediment interface were measured to investigate microbial activity variations in surface sediment under conditions of two-month intermittent aeration in overlying water. Results showed that DO and TP of overlying water increased rapidly in the first week and then decreased gradually after 15 day of intermittent aeration. Microorganism metabolism in surface sediment increased pH and decreased DO and TP in the overlying water. After two-month intermittent aeration, APA and OP from surface sediment (0–2 cm) were both significantly higher than those from bottom sediment (6–8 cm) (p < 0.05), and surface sediment Fe-P was transferred to OP during the course of microorganism reproduction on the surface sediment. These results suggest that microbial activity and microorganism biomass from the surface sediment were higher than those from bottom sediment after two-month intermittent aeration in the overlying water.