白洋淀水体、底泥及鲫鱼体内DDT、BHC污染状况研究

对白洋淀水体、底泥及鲫鱼肌肉中的ＤＤＴ及其衍生物和ＢＨＣ的残留量进行了测定研究，分别给出含量范围．研究表明，鱼体肌肉中ＢＨＣ的４种异构体的含量顺序（δ＞α＞γ＞β）与其在水和底泥中的含量顺序（α＞γ＞δ＞β）略有不同．鱼体肌肉中ＤＤＴ主要以代谢物Ｐ，Ｐ′ＤＤＥ形式存在．两种农药的污染具有明显的地域差异，位于府河入淀口及村庄附近的水体、底泥及鱼体肌肉中ＤＤＴ及其衍生物，ＢＨＣ含量较高，与１９７５—１９７７年检测结果相比，鲫鱼肌肉中ＤＤＴ及其衍生物残留量下降了５４２％，ＢＨＣ下降了８６９％．     

太阳光/电-Fenton法降解H-acid的表观动力学研究

进行了太阳光/电-Fenton法降解染料中间体H-acid模拟废水的表观动力学研究,通过对不同初始H-acid浓度和Fe2+浓度体系以及不同初始电压浓度体系反应的分析,确定该反应的表观动力学方程和动力学参数,为该技术降解H-acid废水优化反应条件提供了依据.结果表明,在固定初始pH值、支持电解质Na2SO4为0.10...     

芳香族化合物在XAD-4上吸附机理的研究

通过批量吸附实验考查了7种芳香族化合物在XAD-4上的吸附热力学行为.结果表明,在实验条件下,Freundlich方程能很好地拟合这7种化合物在XAD-4上的等温吸附数据,且都为优惠吸附,吸附能力均随着温度的升高而降低.结合7种化合物的分子结构描述符和Freundlich方程的吸附平衡常数,建立了QSPR模型,较高的可决系数R2(0.991)、去一法交互检验可决系数R2CV(0.985)和外部预测集交互检验系数Q2ext(0.994)表明,该模型具有较高的稳定性能和预测能力.模型结果表明,水杨酸等7种芳香族化合物在XAD-4上的Freundlich吸附平衡常数与溶质疏水性能呈正比关系,与温度、溶质分子极性和溶质分子的氢键酸度常数呈反比关系.     

卡鲁塞尔氧化沟水力学特性的大涡模拟

本文基于大涡模拟中的Smagorinsky-Lilly模型,对Carrousel氧化沟模型进行了水力学特性模拟,并研究了沟内流速和涡量分布规律.速度与压力耦合求解使用了压力隐式算子分裂PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法,采用VOF(Volume of fluid)方法追踪自由液面.模拟结果表明,回流现象主要出现在上中层混合液中,逆流现象主要出现于上层混合液中;转轮与转刷的推流作用是造成水面变化剧烈的原因;距转轮与转刷较近的区域、转速较快的转轮与转刷区域及直道段转刷下游水面较高一侧中上层区域的涡量较大.根据实验验证,本次模拟结果和实验值吻合度较好,Smagorinsky-Lilly模型可以准确模拟氧化沟水力学特性.     

不同土地利用方式下的地表径流磷输出及其季节性分布特征

在太湖流域利用为期3年的田间试验研究了不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀和径流磷流失特征.结果表明,径流量和土壤侵蚀量都是竹园<板栗园<蔬菜地<玉米-油菜轮作.旱耕地上玉米-油菜轮作和蔬菜种植条件下磷的主要流失途径为泥沙搬运,磷的年均流失量分别为2.67kg.hm-2和2.79kg.hm-2,而竹园和板栗园则分别只有0.28kg.hm-2和0.66kg.hm-2.土壤侵蚀和磷流失主要发生在6~8月降雨集中分布的梅雨和台风季节.旱地上板栗园与玉米-油菜轮作2种利用方式的经济收益接近,但前者土壤侵蚀和磷流失量分别只有后者的6.7%和24.7%,在太湖地区种植板栗是值得鼓励的土地利用方式.稻田水旱(水稻-油菜)轮作条件下,磷主要随农田排水流失,降雨时间和施肥等农事活动的间隔长短在很大程度上决定了磷的年流失量,3次最大的流失事件中磷的流失量可达到全年磷流失的70%以上.稻田水旱轮作方式磷的年均流失量为0.93kg.hm-2,分别只有旱地玉米-油菜轮作和蔬菜地的34.8%和33.3%.因此,根据不同土地利用方式下磷输出量的差异及其季节分布特征合理调整土地利用格局,并在暴雨集中期尽量减少施肥和翻耕等农事活动,可以降低农田生态系统磷的输出.     

Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol

Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel （EN） plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine- formaldehyde-tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon （MFT/AG）. PdC12 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite （Ni/AC） in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electro- chemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2.6-dichloronhenol.     

Exploring the influencing factors of carbon neutralization in Chinese manufacturing enterprises

One of the key issues facing the government in achieving carbon neutrality is what methods can be used to effectively reduce carbon emissions. Taking manufacturing enterprises as an example, this paper studies the carbon emission reduction effects of green technology innovation subsidy (GIS), carbon tax (CT), and carbon emission trading (CET). Under the background of social welfare and carbon emission reduction efficiency, we get the results of optimal carbon emission reduction measures in different environments. The results are as follows: (1) In the initial and mature stage of green technology innovation, GIS is the best choice to improve the degree of green manufacturing and maximize social welfare. CT and CET are the best choice to obtain the highest SE (carbon emission reduction efficiency). (2) In the transitional stage, CET and CT can promote the maturity of green technology. However, with the maturity of green technology, the promotion of green technology has weakened. CT is the best choice to achieve the highest SE. (3) When the carbon tax or carbon trading price is at a high or low level, raising the tax rate or carbon trading price can increase the income of enterprises. Therefore, the government should take measures according to the objectives of different stages. When the goal is to maximize social benefits, GIS is the best choice in the initial stage and transition stage, and CET or CT is the best choice in the transition stage. In the initial stage and fertilization stage, when the highest SE, CT, or CET is the best choice, while in the transition stage, CT is the best choice.

     

生态城市建设中的生态农业对策--以南京为例

建设生态城市是城市发展的必然要求。都市生态农业是建设生态城市的必要条件。本文以南京为例，讨论建设都市生态农业的具体对策。     

Metagenomic insights into responses of microbial population and key functional genes to fulvic acid during partial nitritation

The long-term impact of fulvic acid (FA) on partial nitritation (PN) system was initially examined in this study. The obtained results revealed that the FA lower than 50 mg/L had negligible effect on the nitrite accumulation rate (NAR nearly 100%) and ammonium removal rate (ARR 56.85%), while FA over 50 mg/L decreased ARR from 56.85% to 0.7%. Sludge characteristics analysis found that appropriate FA (<50 mg/L) exposure promoted the settling performance and granulation of PN sludge by removing Bacteroidetes and accumulating Chloroflexi. The analysis of metagenomics suggested that the presence of limited FA (0-50 mg/L) stimulated the generation of NADH, which favors the denitrification and nitrite reduction. The negative impact of FA on the PN system could be divided into two stages. Initially, limited FA (50-120 mg/L) was decomposed by Anaerolineae to stimulate the growth and propagation of heterotrophic bacteria (Thauera). Increasing heterotrophs competed with AOB (Nitrosomonas) for dissolved oxygen, causing AOB to be eliminated and ARR to declined. Subsequently, when FA dosage was over 120 mg/L, Anaerolineae were inhibited and heterotrophic bacteria reduced, resulting in the abundance of AOB recovered. Nevertheless, the ammonium transformation pathway was suppressed because genes amoABC and hao were obviously reduced, leading to the deterioration of reactor performance. Overall, these results provide theoretical guidance for the practical application of PN for the treatment of FA-containing sewage.     

电子加速器对辐射环境的影响分析

以昆明电缆厂电子辐照交联产生线为例，分析了电子加速器对辐射环境的影响。工程律成后，屏蔽墙外表剂量当量低于１ｕＳｖ／ｈ，主体大厅地板上剂量当量小于１０ｕＳｖ／ｈ，排出的Ｏ３在７０ｍ处浓度为０．０２８ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，且不会使冷却水和空气产生感生放射性核束。其电离辐射可以为周围环境接受。