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621.
Non-aqueous electrolyte solutions are nowadays intensively studied owing to their unique properties for their application in various electrochemical devices and procedures. Important advances have already been made in high-energy primary batteries, wet capacitors, electroplating, phase-transfer catalysis and electro-organic synthesis; advances are expected in further fields such as high-energy secondary batteries, non-emissive displays, solar cells, thin-film procedures and coating. A survey is given both for successful recent applications and expectations. 相似文献
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Bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate can be diagnosed by ultrasonography prior to 20 weeks of pregnancy. The anomaly produces an abnormal facial profile and, on cross-section, the clefts in the maxilla are demonstrable. The method is illustrated by sonograms from a fetus in which the defect was diagnosed before trisomy 13 became known by karyotyping. 相似文献
625.
High-performance permanent magnets 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
High-performance permanent magnets (pms) are based on compounds with outstanding intrinsic magnetic properties as well as
on optimized microstructures and alloy compositions. The most powerful pm materials at present are RE–TM intermetallic alloys
which derive their exceptional magnetic properties from the favourable combination of rare earth metals (RE=Nd, Pr, Sm) with
transition metals (TM=Fe, Co), in particular magnets based on (Nd,Pr)2Fe14B and Sm2(Co,Cu,Fe,Zr)17. Their development during the last 20 years has involved a dramatic improvement in their performance by a factor of >15 compared
with conventional ferrite pms therefore contributing positively to the ever-increasing demand for pms in many (including new)
application fields, to the extent that RE–TM pms now account for nearly half of the worldwide market. This review article
first gives a brief introduction to the basics of ferromagnetism to confer an insight into the variety of (permanent) magnets,
their manufacture and application fields. We then examine the rather complex relationship between the microstructure and the
magnetic properties for the two highest-performance and most promising pm materials mentioned. By using numerical micromagnetic
simulations on the basis of the Finite Element technique the correlation can be quantitatively predicted, thus providing a
powerful tool for the further development of optimized high-performance pms. 相似文献
626.
ZHANG Shao-yuan Renze van Houten Dick H. Eikelboom JIANG Zhao-chun FAN Yao-bo WANG Ju-si 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2002,14(4):501-507
Based on the microorganism kinetic model, the formula for computing hydraulic retention time in a membrane bioreactor system (MBR) is derived. With considering HRT as an evaluation index a combinational approach was used to discuss factors which have an effect on MBR. As a result, the influencing factors were listed in order from strength to weakness as: maximum specific removal rate K, saturation constant Ks, maintenance coefficient m, maximum specific growth rate ,ua and observed yield coefficient Yobs. Moreover, the formula was simplified, whose parameters were experimentally determined in petrochemical wastewater treatment. The simplified formula is θ= 1.1( 1/β -1)(Ks S)/KXo , for oetroehemical wastewater treatment K and Ko eaualed 0.185 and 154.2, resoectively. 相似文献
627.
H. Kühne 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1957,44(15):431-431
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Model oligo esters of terephthalic acid with 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,4-butanediol have been investigated with regard to their biodegradability in different biological environments. Well-characterized oligomers with weight-average molar masses of from 600 to 2600 g/mol exhibit biodegradation in aqueous systems, soil, and compost at 60°C. SEC investigations showed a fast biological degradation of the oligomer fraction consisting of 1 or 2 repeating units, independent of the diol component used for polycondensation, while polyester oligomers with degrees of polymerization higher than 2 were stable against microbial attack at room temperature in a time frame of 2 months. At 60°C in a compost environment chemical hydrolysis also degrades chains longer than two repeating units, resulting in enhanced degradability of the oligomers. Metabolization of the monomers and the dimers as well by the microorganisms could be confirmed by comparing SEC measurements and carbon balances in a Sturm test experiment. Based on these results degradation characteristics of potential oligomer intermediates resulting from a primary chain scission from copolyesters consisting of aromatic and aliphatic dicarbonic acids can be predicted depending on their composition. These results will have an evident influence on the evaluation of the biodegradability of commercially interesting copolyesters and lead to new ways of tailor-made designing of new biodegradable materials as well. 相似文献