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71.
N. K. Woodfield J. W. S. Longhurst C. I. Beattie D. P. H. Laxen 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2003,46(1):49-64
The UK National Air Quality Strategy has required local authorities to review and assess air quality in their area of jurisdiction and determine locations in their areas where concentrations of specific air quality pollutants are predicted to exceed national air quality objectives in the future. Statutory air quality management areas (AQMAs) are designated where air quality is predicted to be above specified objective concentrations by specific target dates, and statutory air quality action plans will be necessary to improve the local air quality within these areas. Over 124 local authorities in England (including London), Wales and Scotland anticipate declaring AQMAs following the conclusion of the statutory air quality review and assessment process. However, other influences are being exerted on the local air quality management process and AQMA decision-making processes. Such influences include regional and sub- regional collaborative working between local authorities and government agencies and wider political decision-making processes. Some regions of Great Britain (encompassing England (including London), Scotland and Wales) anticipate many AQMA designations, whilst other regions are not anticipating any such designations despite apparently similar air quality circumstances. Evidence for regional or sub-regional variations in the locations of anticipated AQMAs are examined through an evaluation of the outcomes of the scientific review and assessment process undertaken by local authorities declaring AQMAs, and through a local authority survey to identify influences on decision-making processes at a level above that of the local authority. Regional variation is reported in the type of pollutant causing AQMAs to be declared, in the numbers of AQMAs in regions and in the spatial distribution of AQMAs across Great Britain. 相似文献
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Until now no structured methodology existed for attuning environmental considerations to the business strategy of companies. The Environmental Competence Centre of Philips Sound & Vision in The Netherlands has developed and tested a methodology for this purpose. This methodology, called Selection of STRrategic Environmen Tal CHallenges (STRETCH), has proven to lead to promising results and should therefore be actively promoted. In this article, the authors show how the application of STRETCH provides the possibility of meeting three main objectives: First, focusing on the incorporation of environmental aspects into the company's business strategy can elicit innovations that may enhance the competitive position of the company by cost reduction and/or higher market shares. Second, the environmental opportunities and threats to be expected in the future can be anticipated in an earlier phase. Through this proactive approach a company can avoid external criticism and take the lead in environmental priority setting. Third, by applying the STRETCH methodology even higher eco-efficiencies are expected to be reached than through incremental, step-by-step environmental improvements. 相似文献
75.
A pedagogic problem in forestry and landscape management is to visualize future landscape effects of forest growth and current management activities in the forest. This paper presents a method for forecasting digital image projections of forest landscape dynamics. Static nonlinear regression functions estimate the digital numbers in a Landsat Thematic Mapper image. Regressors used are forest stand variables. By estimating the future forest stand data, based on intermediate treatment and growth, future satellite digital images are created. In a case study example, the future landscape of a forest block in the province of Västernorrland, Sweden, is projected to demonstrate the application of this visualization technique. 相似文献
76.
Summary Quantitative studies on the biomethanation processes using a different biomass (goat dung, cow dung, buffalo dung, piggery waste, poultry waste and sewage) alone or in combination have been made. The dung samples have been found to be an efficient producer of biogas at a 1:2 dilution. Better yields of biogas are obtained in combination with other biomasses rather than when used alone. Judicious mixing of biomasses, however, is important. Competitive biomethanation of a biomass by other biomasses as a source for a wild population of microbes has been studied in vials using a cross-inoculation technique, i.e. using inoculum of one biomass on different sterile biomasses. The results show that the microbes are very specific and usually non-adaptive. Each inoculum outclasses others in using its natural biomass for methanation but reacts poorly when inoculated to other alien biomasses. Buffalo dung is to some extent adaptive in nature.Professor S.C. Lahiri is the senior author of this paper and he is ex-Head of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Kalyani where Nilanjan Chakravorty is a research fellow. Dr G.M. Sarkar is a senior lecturer in the Department of Botany at Ranaghat College, Ranaghat, Nadia, West Bengal, India. 相似文献
77.
This paper assesses the status of coastal zones in the context of expected climate change and its related impacts, as well as current and future socioeconomic pressures and impacts. It is argued that external stresses and shocks relating to sea-level rise and other changes will tend to exacerbate existing environmental pressures and damage in coastal zones. Coastal zones are under increasing stress because of an interrelated set of planning failures including information, economic market, and policy intervention failures. Moves towards integrated coastal zone management are urgently required to guide the coevolution of natural and human systems. Overtly technocentric claims that assessments of vulnerability undertaken to date are overestimates of likely future damages from global warming are premature. While it is the case that forecasts of sea-level rise have been scaled down, much uncertainty remains over, for example, combined storm, sea surge, and other events. In any case, within the socioeconomic analyses of the problem, resource valuations have been at best only partial and have failed to incorporate sensitivity analysis in terms of the discount rates utilized. This would indicate an underestimation of potential damage costs. Overall, a precautionary approach is justified based on the need to act ahead of adequate information acquisition, economically efficient resource pricing and proactive coastal planning. 相似文献
78.
Judith A. Cichowicz 《环境质量管理》1996,6(1):77-80
The ISO 9000 standards address the structure of quality management systems, which provide a specified level of quality performance to consumers. Organizations that link ISO 9000 and 14000 can develop a consistent, cost-effective management system. This article discusses the cost factors that affect a decision to implement management systems, the linkages between the two ISO standards, and some real-life examples of how these linkages are achieved. 相似文献
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