厌氧氨氧化启动过程细菌群落多样性及PICRUSt2功能预测分析

细菌群落是实现厌氧氨氧化系统高效脱氮的核心,而厌氧氨氧化启动过程细菌群落多样性及其功能特征仍未被充分阐明.本研究采用升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器进行厌氧氨氧化系统启动,利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术并结合PICRUSt2功能预测分析,研究启动过程不同时间(d0、d30、d60和d90)细菌群落多样性及功能...     

Diurnal and spatial variations of soil NOx fluxes in the northern steppe of China

NO_x emissions from biogenic sources in soils play a significant role in the gaseous loss of soil nitrogen and consequent changes in tropospheric chemistry. In order to investigate the characteristics of NO_x fluxes and factors influencing these fluxes in degraded sandy grasslands in northern China, diurnal and spatial variations of NO_x fluxes were measured in situ. A dynamic flux chamber method was used at eight sites with various vegetation coverages and soil types in the northern steppe of China in the summer season of 2010. Fluxes of NO_x from soils with plant covers were generally higher than those in the corresponding bare vegetation-free soils, indicating that the canopy plays an important role in the exchange of NO_x between soil and air. The fluxes of NO_x increased in the daytime, and decreased during the nighttime, with peak emissions occurring between 12:00 and 14:00. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the diurnal variation of NO_x fluxes was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.05) and negatively with soil moisture content (P < 0.05). Based on measurement over a season, the overall variation in NO_x flux was lower than that of soil nitrogen contents, suggesting that the gaseous loss of N fromthe grasslands of northern China was not a significant contributor to the high C/N in the northern steppe of China. The concentration of NO_x emitted from soils in the region did not exceed the 1-hr National Ambient Air Quality Standard (0.25 mg/m³).     

基于SWAT模型的青山湖流域氮污染时空分布特征研究

基于SWAT模型构建了青山湖流域的氮负荷模型,利用2005~2011年的径流观测资料和2011年7月15日~8月4日的水质监测资料对模型进行率定和验证.青山湖流域氮污染的主要来源包括农田化肥、农村生活、畜禽养殖、城镇点源及湿沉降,其中对流域出口TN浓度贡献最大的来源是化肥施用,占34.3%.对流域现状氮负荷的时空分布特征进行分析,结果表明:NO3--N流失量的时空分布特征明显,6~9月的流失量最大,占62.5%,空间上中部流失量比西北部自然林区域大,坡面流是NO3--N主要流失途径;有机氮流失量较大的区域主要分布在中部农田比例较高的子流域.研究结果可为流域的氮污染控制和研究提供科学依据.     

钢铁工业氮氧化物污染防治途径研究

针对钢铁工业氮氧化物减排的紧迫形势,首先介绍了钢铁工业氮氧化物主要排放源,提出了烧结工序和自备电厂是氮氧化物排放的主要污染源,其烟气中氮氧化物控制是钢铁企业氮氧化物减排的重点;其次对钢铁工业氮氧化物生成机理,热力型、燃料型、快速型进行了分析;在此基础上,总结了钢铁工业烧结、自备电厂、焦化、炼铁、轧钢工序氮氧化物污染防治技术途径,为钢铁工业进一步开展氮氧化物减排工作提供了技术支撑.     

不同pH值对磷矿废石磷素浸出特性影响的实验研究

采用EPA 1314pH酸碱预滴定实验和pH浸出实验,研究了pH对磷矿废石磷元素浸出特性的影响,以及磷矿废石的酸碱缓冲容量。实验结果表明:磷矿废石的碱缓冲容量小,pH从8.75上升到13.50消耗了0.1mmol/g的NaOH,磷矿废石酸的缓冲容量较大,pH从5.50到1.00,共消耗2.2mmol/g的H2SO4;浸提液的酸碱性是影响磷矿废石中磷元素浸出的重要参数,酸性条件下很大程度上促进了磷元素的浸出,随着H+离子浓度的增加,总磷浓度随之升高。相反在碱性条件下的反应过程中,OH-阻碍磷元素的浸出,消耗正磷酸根离子和羟基磷酸根离子,使其生成沉淀,有一定的固磷作用,为磷元素的固化提供了更多途径。     

Predicted no-effect concentrations for mercury species and ecological risk assessment for mercury pollution in aquatic environment

Mercury(Hg) exists in different chemical forms presenting varied toxic potentials. It is necessary to explore an ecological risk assessment method for different mercury species in aquatic environment. The predicted no-effect concentrations(PNECs) for Hg(Ⅱ) and methyl mercury(Me Hg) in the aqueous phase, calculated using the species sensitivity distribution method and the assessment factor method, were 0.39 and 6.5 × 10-3μg/L, respectively. The partition theory of Hg between sediment and aqueous phases was considered, along with PNECs for the aqueous phase to conduct an ecological risk assessment for Hg in the sediment phase. Two case studies, one in China and one in the Western Black Sea, were conducted using these PNECs. The toxicity of mercury is heavily dependent on their forms,and their potential ecological risk should be respectively evaluated on the basis of mercury species.     

Role of nitric oxide in the genotoxic response to chronic microcystin-LR exposure in human–hamster hybrid cells

Microcystin-LR(MC-LR) is the most abundant and toxic microcystin congener and has been classified as a potential human carcinogen(Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the genotoxic effects of MC-LR during chronic exposure are still poorly understood. In the present study, human–hamster hybrid(AL) cells were exposed to MC-LR for varying lengths of time to investigate the role of nitrogen radicals in MC-LR-induced genotoxicity. The mutagenic potential at the CD59 locus was more than 2-fold higher(p 0.01) in ALcells exposed to a cytotoxic concentration(1 μmol/L) of MC-LR for 30 days than in untreated control cells, which was consistent with the formation of micronucleus. MC-LR caused a dose-dependent increase in nitric oxide(NO) production in treated cells. Moreover, this was blocked by concurrent treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor NG-methyl-L-arginine(L-NMMA), which suppressed MC-LRinduced mutations as well. The survival of mitochondrial DNA-depleted(ρ0) ALcells was markedly decreased by MC-LR treatment compared to that in ALcells, while the CD59 mutant fraction was unaltered. These results provided clear evidence that the genotoxicity associated with chronic MC-LR exposure in mammalian cells was mediated by NO and might be considered as a basis for the development of therapeutics that prevent carcinogenesis.     

TiO_2光催化技术在饮用水终端深度处理中的应用展望

Ti O2光催化技术作为一种环境友好型污染治理技术,在环保各领域有着广泛的应用前景。本文综合分析了Ti O2光催化技术的发展历程及反应机理,概述了提高Ti O2光催化性能的改性技术及在水处理中的应用,并综述了饮用水终端深度处理技术的研究现状及对Ti O2光催化技术应用于饮用水终端净水处理前景展望。     

2种MSW好氧生物反应器型填埋方式的对比实验

在系统分析现有MSW生物反应器型填埋方法优缺点基础上,对其改进,将强制通风好氧和渗滤液循环2种方式有机结合组成新的反应器(称之为反应器A) ,与只有强制通风好氧的反应器(称之为反应器B)作对比.实验过程中对2反应器中NH₃、CH₄、CO₂、pH、温度、电导率及沉降进行控制和监测,对渗滤液中Fe³⁺和NH₄⁺进行监测与分析,研究2种MSW好氧生物反应器对所填垃圾降解及所产生渗滤液中COD、Fe³⁺和NH₄⁺的去除效果,探讨两者对所填埋垃圾降解和渗滤液中所测参数去除机理,从而得出反应器A比反应器B对垃圾和渗滤液有更好的降解和去除效果.     

沙尘暴事件中大气颗粒物化学组分的浓度变化和硫酸盐的形成

应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱、质谱和离子色谱分析了2002年3月28日-4月8日在山东长岛县采集的共11对粗、细大气颗粒物样品的化学组成,探讨4月6-8日沙尘暴事件中大气颗粒物化学组分的变化和硫酸盐的形成.沙尘暴事件应区分前锋和后续部分,前锋与大气中各种污染物相互作用,具有硫富集的特征.后续部分较好地保持了长距离传输风沙尘本身的特征.硫酸盐的形成机理可能是多相氧化而不是简单的酸碱中和.硫酸铵是首先生成的含硫物种,这是细颗粒主导的形成过程.硫酸铵逐渐转化为其他硫酸盐,硫的成分也逐渐向粗颗粒转移.在沙尘暴事件中含硫污染物不但有一个从气相向颗粒物转变的过程,也有一个从细颗粒向粗颗粒转化的过程.