气-水联合反冲洗膜污染防治技术研究

采用气-水联合反冲洗技术，考察了气-水比（Qg／Ql）、反冲洗周期及其对膜污染的防治效果。结果表明，气-水联合反冲洗较单独气或水反冲洗效果好；在过滤周期20min，反冲洗时间1min，气-水比1．5时，气-水联合反冲洗能够恢复膜通量到膜清水通量的80％以上。此法可大幅度清除沉积在膜表面的泥饼层，恢复膜通量，维持膜过滤性能的稳定，是一种较为有效的膜污染防治技术。     

Interaction between components of electroplating industry wastes. Influence of the receiving water on the toxicity of the effluent

A copper-cadmium-nickel-zinc mixture was assessed in seven different river waters to study metal toxicity to the ciliate protozoan Colpidium campylum, the interactions occurring between metals, and the influence of the receiving water on toxicity. In the range of concentrations tested, which are representative of electroplating industry wastes, the main part of the toxicity can be attributed to copper and to cadmium-copper synergy. A classification of waters, based on a principal component analysis (PCA), was used to examine the main parameters of the water, which can affect the toxicity of metal mixtures. It appears that the mineralization of the water, more than the total organic carbon (TOC), is an important parameter for the expression of toxicity. A strategy for the estimation of ecotoxicological hazard assessment, based on a simplified factorial experiment is proposed. It enables one to study, in a two-step bioassay, the toxicity of an effluent, the influence of river water on its toxicity, and the effects of contact time and dilution. By applying PCA to data from very different waters, it may be possible to estimate the ecotoxicological risk associated with the discharge of an effluent, on the basis of the chemistry of the receiving water.     

DDT污染土壤的植物修复技术

本文报道用植草方法研究为DDT及其主要降解产物污染土壤的植物修复技术。在污染物的浓度为 0 .2 15mg/kg的土壤中 ,种植 10种草 3个月后DDT及其主要降解产物的总含量分别降低 19.6 %— 73.0 %。种植不同品种的草对土壤中污染物有不同的去除能力 ,其中以种植丹麦产的Taya草 (Per .ryegrass)与美国产的Titan草 (Tallfescue)为最强。用种植草的方法修复受DDT及其主要降解产物污染的土壤是一项可行的技术。在去除土壤中DDT的作用上 ,草的吸收是轻微的 ,只占原施药量的 0 .13%— 1.0 8% ,土壤中污染物消失的主要因素是土壤中生物降解作用的结果。     

低温下ZCS工艺和改进式ZCS工艺脱氮效率研究及微生物特性分析

考察冬季低温下沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺和改进式沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺对城市污水的脱氮效率,结果表明在HRT为3.5 h下,ZCS工艺出水氨氮为11.65 mg/L,总氮高于20 mg/L.而相同条件下MZCS工艺氨氮出水为5.45 mg/L,总氮去除率比原ZCS工艺提高了11%,均值为16.8 mg/L.通过聚合酶链式技术,变性梯度凝胶电泳和电镜扫描技术发现两工艺微生物多样性、丰度高于传统活性污泥法,兼具活性污泥法和生物膜法的微生物特性.     

The importance of biological factors affecting trace metal concentration as revealed from accumulation patterns in co-occurring terrestrial invertebrates

As physicochemical properties of the soil highly influence the bioavailable fraction of a particular trace metal, measured metal body burdens in a particular species are often assumed to be more reliable estimators of the contamination of the biota. To test this we compared the Cd, Cu and Zn content of three spiders (generalist predators) and two amphipods (detritivores), co-occurring in seven tidal marshes along the river Schelde, between each other and with the total metal concentrations and the concentrations of four sequential extractions of the soils. Correlations were significant in only one case and significant site x species interactions for all metals demonstrate that factors affecting metal concentration were species and site specific and not solely determined by site specific characteristics. These results emphasize that site and species specific biological factors might be of the utmost importance in determining the contamination of the biota, at least for higher trophic levels. A hypothetical example clarifies these findings.     

Decomposition of volatile organic compounds using corona discharge plasma technology

This paper explores the application of corona plasma technology as a tool in treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The review introduces the principle of corona discharge and describes the characteristics of plasma, especially of various corona plasma reactors. By summarizing the main features of such reactors, this paper provides a brief background to different power sources and reactor configurations and their application to VOC treatment design. Considering chlorinated compounds, benzene series and sulfur compounds, this paper reveals the probable mechanism of corona plasma in VOC degradation. Additionally, the effects of numerous technical parameters – such as reactor structure, shape and materials of electrodes, and humidity – are analyzed comprehensively. Product distribution, energy efficiency and economic benefits are invoked as factors to evaluate the performance of VOC degradation. Finally, the practical application of corona plasma and its advantages are briefly introduced. The review aims to illustrate the enormous potential of corona plasma technology in the treatment of VOCs, and identifies future directions.

Implications: This paper comprehensively describes the principle, characteristics, research progress and engineering application examples of the degradation of volatile organics by corona discharge plasma, to provide a theoretical basis for the industrial application of this process.     

曝气生物滤池技术研究与应用进展

曝气生物滤池是一种将生物氧化机理与深床过滤机理有机结合的新型污水生物处理技术。本文对曝气生物滤池的工艺原理、工艺特点、工艺形式进行了综合评述,对其在城市生活污水处理中去污效能、启动方式、反冲洗形式及理想填料的应用与最新研究进展进行了详细介绍,尤其对目前曝气生物滤池存在的优点与不足进行了针对性的分析。对曝气生物滤池的运行机理进行深入探讨,并进一步加强对曝气生物滤池与其他工艺组合的优化研究,将完善曝气生物滤池的工艺体系,拓宽其使用范围。因此,曝气生物滤池将在我国污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

微生物还原浸出法回收废旧电池粉末中的金属锰

驯化培养K1、K2、K3 3株锰还原异养微生物,使微生物耐受电池重金属离子的能力提高.通过微生物的还原作用将二氧化锰还原成二价锰离子回收利用.微生物利用MnO2作为代谢呼吸链最终电子受体,传递氧化有机物产生的电子,还原溶浸锰于介质中.与其他菌株相比,K1菌株表现出很强的金属耐受性,最终浸出率可达93%.     

多相催化-臭氧氧化法处理模拟有机磷农药废水

实验通过臭氧氧化法来降解模拟废水中的有机磷农药，将其转化为无害物质，并试验研究了在废水中加入2种自制的催化剂对降解结果的影响。采用气相色谱法测定水中有机磷农药的量。结果表明，只用臭氧处理的情况下1周后有机磷的去除率为78．03％；在催化剂A存在下，去除率可达93．85％；在催化剂B存在下，去除率可达为88．35％。结果表明，臭氧氧化法对此类污水：具有较好的降解作用，尤其在有催化剂存在的情况下处理效果更好，在室温和中性介质中均属于一级反应。     

膜生物反应器中的膜污染及其防治

膜生物反应器（Membrane Bioreactor，MBR）是极具前景的新型水处理技术之一，膜污染问题是限制其推广应用的主要障碍。综述了多篇报道并通过对膜污染的成因及机理的分析，指出膜污染防治中需要重点解决的问题，并探讨了膜污染防治技术中需要进一步研究的方向。