酯类化合物对四膜虫毒性的拓扑研究

提出了拓扑方法,即考虑分子图顶点的性质,直接用酯类化合物的分子碎片的特征值为主元来构建邻接矩阵。定义并计算了酯类化合物的修正的氢连接性指数^mHA及其倒指数^mHB,分析了30个酯化合物对四膜虫的毒性与分子结构之间的关系,结果表明由酯化合物对四膜虫毒性与^mH的回归方程得出的估算值与实验测定值之间能较好地吻合,平均误差为0．22。     

投入产出分析在固体废物管理中的应用

通过构建固体废物投入产出表,分析包括资源提供、产品生产、废弃物循环利用及废物处置部门在内的国民经济各部门之间的经济技术关系。并对理想条件及其他条件下固体废物资源化对于资源节约、废物减量及经济发展的影响进行了定量分析。     

Non-biodegradable landfill leachate treatment by combined process of agitation,coagulation, SBR and filtration

This study describes the complete treatment of non-biodegradable landfill leachate by combined treatment processes. The processes consist of agitation as a novel stripping method used to overcome the ammonia toxicity regarding aerobic microorganisms. The NH₃-N removal ratio was 93.9% obtained at pH 11.5 and a gradient velocity (G) 150 s^?1 within a five-hour agitation time. By poly ferric sulphate (PFS) coagulation followed the agitation process; chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) were removed at 70.6% and 49.4%, respectively at an optimum dose of 1200 mg L^?1 at pH 5.0. The biodegradable ratio BOD₅/COD was improved from 0.18 to 0.31 during pretreatment step by agitation and PFS coagulation. Thereafter, the effluent was diluted with sewage at a different ratio before it was subjected to sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment. Up to 93.3% BOD₅, 95.5% COD and 98.1% NH₃-N removal were achieved by SBR operated under anoxic–aerobic–anoxic conditions. The filtration process was carried out using sand and carbon as a dual filter media as polishing process. The final effluent concentration of COD, BOD₅, suspended solid (SS), NH₃-N and total organic carbon (TOC) were 72.4 mg L^?1, 22.8 mg L^?1, 24.2 mg L^?1, 18.4 mg L^?1 and 50.8 mg L^?1 respectively, which met the discharge standard. The results indicated that a combined process of agitation-coagulation-SBR and filtration effectively eliminated pollutant loading from landfill leachate.     

微米SiC/石墨烯复合物光催化降解罗丹明B

为发展低耗和环境友好的有机物降解技术,采用光催化还原制备微米级碳化硅(SiC)/石墨烯复合材料,XRD、FTIR、Raman光谱、XPS和SEM等手段表征其物相组成和形貌结构,并以罗丹明B(RhB)为模拟污染物,研究了复合材料在可见光照射下的光催化活性和稳定性;通过活性物种捕获实验初步探讨了RhB的光催化降解机制.结果表明,SiC与石墨烯复合延长了光生电子和光生空穴的寿命,提高了材料的光催化活性与稳定性.当SiC/石墨烯配比为1∶0. 8时,光照60 min时RhB的降解率可以达到92. 7%,降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程.光催化降解RhB过程中,主要活性物种的贡献依次为:光生空穴(h~+)超氧阴离子自由基(·O_2~-)光生电子(e~-)羟基自由基(·OH).     

京津冀及周边区域PM2.5叠加沙尘重污染过程特征及预报效果分析

选取京津冀及周边区域2018年11月23日至12月4日一次大范围、长时间且PM_(2.5)叠加两次沙尘传输的复合型重度污染过程开展特征研究,分析了首要污染物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的发展演变,以及污染气象影响因素;结合激光雷达地基和车载走航监测结果,以及HYSPLIT后向轨迹结果,讨论了区域污染传输的情况;并对重污染期间NAQPMS、CMAQ和CAMx这3个空气质量模式的预报效果进行了回顾分析.结果表明,研究时段PM_(2.5)叠加两次沙尘传输导致区域中南部多数城市达到重至严重污染水平,张家口、北京、石家庄、邯郸和郑州PM_(10)小时峰值分别为1 589、864、794、738和766μg·m~(-3),PM_(2.5)小时峰值浓度分别为239、319、387、321和380μg·m~(-3).地面弱气压场、高湿、逆温等静稳条件和沙尘是重要的污染气象和天气因素.激光雷达地基和车载走航监测数据结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析表明重污染期间区域西南和东南方向发生了PM_(2.5)传输;区域两次沙尘过程主要受西北路径传输影响.此外,NAQPMS、CMAQ和CAMx这3个模式均可较好地预测到京津冀及周边区域的重污染过程,但对个别城市预报略有偏差.该次重污染过程中模式对PM_(2.5)的预报效果要好于PM_(10),这与气象模式预报、大气化学反应机制、污染源清单的不确定性,以及重污染应急措施导致的污染源排放的改变有一定关系.     

用模糊评价法评价水环境质量的探讨

单因子指数评价法是评价环境质量常用的方法,但其忽略了实际污染物的毒性性质。将模糊评价法具体应用到水环境质量评价中,准确的判断出了环境中主要污染成分和相对污染程度,并且符合实际情况。     

镧铈金属生产污染状况分析与治理措施研究

镧铈金属是制造稀土贮氢粉基体的优质原料,其应用的最大领域是制造电动车的高功率二次电池。针对目前世界石油紧缺,油价攀升及环境污染严重等问题,大力开发节能环保的电动车已成为当前世界交通能源转型的关键课题。因此镧铈金属的生产势必成为今后节能工作的发展方向。本文叙述镧铈金属生产工艺流程及原理,分析污染物产生环节以及污染物特征,排放方式等,针对性的提出相应的治理措施,为今后同类型的建设项目提供借鉴。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from black soils with different pH

N₂O fluxes as a function of incubation time from soil with different available N contents and pH were determined. Cumulative carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions were measured to indicate soil respiration. A 144-hr incubation experiment was conducted in a slightly acidic agricultural soil (pH_H2O 5.33) after the pH was adjusted to four different values (3.65, 5.00, 6.90 and 8.55). The experiments consisted of a control without added N, and with NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N fertilization. The results showed that soil pH contributed significantly to N₂O flux from the soils. There were higher N₂O emissions in the period 0-12 hr in the four pH treatments, especially those enhanced with N-fertilization. The cumulative N₂O-N emission reached a maximum at pH 8.55 and was stimulated by NO₃^--N fertilization (70.4 μg/kg). The minimum emissions appeared at pH 3.65 and were not stimulated by NO₃^--N or NH₄⁺-N fertilization. Soil respiration increased significantly due to N-fertilization. Soil respiration increased positively with soil pH (R² = 0.98, P < 0.01). The lowest CO₂-C emission (30.2 mg/kg) was presented in pH 3.65 soils without N-fertilization. The highest CO₂-C emissions appeared in the pH 8.55 soils for NH₄⁺-N fertilization (199 mg/kg). These findings suggested that N₂O emissions and soil respiration were significantly influenced by low pH, which strongly inhibits soil microbial nitrification and denitrification activities. The content of NO₃^--N in soil significantly and positively affected the N₂O emissions through denitrification.     

Assessment of heavy metal enrichment and its human impact in lacustrine sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Sediments from four lakes in the mid-low reaches of the Yangtze River, Taibai Lake, Longgan Lake, Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, were chosen to evaluate their enrichment state and history. The state of heavy metal enrichment was at a low level in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake. The enrichment state of Co, Cr and Ni was also low in the sediment of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake, while Cu, Pb and Zn enrichment reached a higher level. Mass accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantitatively evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to heavy metals in the sediment. The anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were lower in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake compared with the other two lakes, where heavy metals, especially Cu, Pb and Zn, were mainly from anthropogenic sources. Heavy metal accumulation did not vary greatly in the sediment of Taibai Lake and Longgan Lake, while that in Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake increased since the 1950s and substantially increased since the 1980s, although a decrease occurred since 2000 AD in Xijiu Lake. Heavy metal enrichment was strongly related to human activities in the catchment. The development of urbanization and industrialization was much more rapid in the catchments of Chaohu Lake and Xijiu Lake than of the other two lakes, and thus large amounts of anthropogenically sourced heavy metals were discharged into the lakes, which resulted in a higher contamination risk. However, human activities in the Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake catchments mainly involved agriculture, which contributed a relatively small portion of heavy metals to the lakes.