Arsenic concentration in rice, fish, meat and vegetables in Cambodia: a preliminary risk assessment

To assess arsenic contaminations and its possible adverse health effects, food samples were collected from Kandal, Kratie and Kampong Cham in Cambodia. The highest and the lowest concentrations were observed in fish (mean 2,832 ng g^?1, ww) collected from Kandal province and cattle stomach (1.86 ± 1.10 ng g^?1, ww) collected from Kratie, respectively. The daily intake of arsenic via food consumption was 604, 9.70 and 136 μg day^?1 in Kandal, Kratie and Kampong Cham, respectively. The arsenic dietary intake in Kandal ranked No. 1 among all the 17 compared countries or regions. Fish consumption contributed the greatest proportion of total arsenic daily intake in Kandal (about 63.0 %) and Kampong Cham (about 69.8 %). It is revealed to be a much more important exposure pathway than drinking water for residents in Kampong Cham. The results of risk assessment suggested that the residents in Cambodia, particularly for people in Kandal province, suffer high public health risks due to consuming arsenic-contaminated food.     

An interval dynamic multimedia fugacity (IDMF) model for environmental fate of PAHs and their source apportionment in a typical oilfield,China

An interval dynamic multimedia fugacity (IDMF) model with a new validation criterion of interval average logarithmic residual error (IALRE) was developed in this study. The environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source apportionment in a typical oilfield of China were simulated from 1985 to 2010. The PAH concentrations predicted by the model were in agreement with the measured concentrations, which were indicated by the IALREs calculated at 0.41, 0.63, 0.52, and 0.58 for air, water, soil, and sediment, respectively. The multimedia concentrations of Σ16 PAHs were 29.55, 39.22, 31.98, and 26.69 times greater in 2010 than those in 1985, and were higher than any other year modelled. Additionally, 87.82% of PAHs remained in the soil in 2010. PAH source emission into the soil was the major modelled source, whereas PAH degradation in the air was the major modelled loss pathway; the dominant transfer process between the adjacent compartments was atmospheric deposition from air to soil. It was demonstrated that high-temperature combustion was the major source of PAHs in the air and soil, whereas biomass and coal combustion were attributed to water and sediment compartments. The IDMF model was effective in the dynamic source apportionment of PAHs.     

Decolorization of azo dyes by a salt-tolerant Staphylococcus cohnii strain isolated from textile wastewater

The salt-tolerant Staphylococcus cohnii strain, isolated from textile wastewater, has been found effective on decolorizing several kinds of azo dyes with different structures. The optimal conditions for azo dye acid red B (ARB) decolorization by S. cohnii were determined to be pH = 7.0 and 30°C. The decolorization efficiency increased with the increase of the salinity concentration, and around 90% of ARB (100 mg·L^?1) could be decolorized in 24 h when the salinity concentration was up to 50 g·L^?1. Moreover, the strain could still decolorize 19% of ARB in 24 h even when the NaCl concentration was increased to 150 g·L^?1. Meanwhile, the dependence of the specific decolorization rate by S. cohnii on the ARB concentration could be described with Michaelis-Menten kinetics (K _m = 585.7mg·L^?1, V _max = 109.8 mg·g cell^?1·h^?1). The addition of quinone redox mediator, named 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate, significantly accelerated the decolorization performance of S. cohnii. Furtherly, the activities of azoreductase (0.55 ??mol·mg protein^?1·min^?1) and Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide-dichlorophenol indophenol (NADH-DCIP) reductase (8.9 ??mol·mg protein^?1·min^?1) have been observed in the crude cell extracts of S. cohnii. The decolorization products of ARB were analyzed by HPLC-MS, and the results indicated the reductive pathway was responsible for azo dye decolorization by S. cohnii.     

Uncertainty analysis in the nuclear industry: Analytical unavailability modelling incorporating ageing of safety components

There is a growing interest in analyzing the possibility for current nuclear power plants operation extension. In that sense, life management programs, considering safety components ageing, are being developed and employed. On the other side, the large uncertainties of the ageing parameters as well as the uncertainties associated with most of the reliability data collections are widely acknowledged.This paper deals with uncertainty analysis associated with specific ageing rates database. The analysis is conducted using an analytical unavailability model applied for a selected safety system in a nuclear power plant. The most important problem is the immense uncertainty associated to the component ageing data sets as well as the lack of the very data in general, which would correspond to the more detailed modelling of ageing.New probability distributions, encompassing the ageing rates available in the considered data set, are suggested. The obtained results indicate the extent to which the uncertainty of the considered ageing data set, given the inherently assigned probability distribution, influences the performed unavailability calculations. Additionally, comparative analysis regarding the insights gained out of the application of the suggested probability distributions is conducted.     

高层建筑火灾中的安全疏散

高层火灾事故呈明显上升趋势,群死群伤事故时有发生,给国家和人民生命财产造成了极大的损失。叙述了影响人员安全撤离的因素．提出了火场逃生应注意的事项,对人员的高效、安全逃生有一定的指导意义。     

冶炼厂废水泵的汽蚀

常用离心泵排送冶炼厂废水时,废水泵易发生汽蚀。分析了形成废水泵汽蚀的各种因素,特别分析了废水生成“汽蚀核子”的特点,找出了防治废水泵汽蚀的有效措施。     

印染废水处理工艺工程实例

介绍了改良型水解酸化+生物接触氧化工艺处理印染废水的工程实例,处理后水中的COD、BOD5浓度均低于GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准。该工艺运行费用低、管理简单方便、易于操作、去除色度效果好、无二次污染、投资规模小。     

不同气候生态条件下水稻品种产量、功能性成分含量及稳定性

培育高γ-氨基丁酸和抗性淀粉的水稻品种,并明确其适宜的生态条件是水稻功能性育种和栽培的重要环节之一.选用云南和浙江近期育成的水稻Oryza sativa L.粳籼品种(系)21个,按粳籼品种(系)分组后分别在云南粳籼稻区10个点种植,比较研究不同生态条件其产量、γ-氨基丁酸和抗性淀粉含量变异及稳定性.结果表明:供试11个粳稻品种(系)产量的平均值为8 485.0kg/hm2,变化幅度为4 129.8～10 159.2 kg/hm2,其中以HIPjl最低.10个籼稻品种(系)产量变化范围在380.1～7 995.6 kg/hm2,其中以W229最低.滇农S-1/毫梅、滇农S-1/滇靖8号、功米6号、文稻1号/IR36和RS21属于高产而稳定性较好的品种.粳稻平均GABA的含量在108.7～157.1 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为128.9 mg·kg-1;其抗性淀粉含量在0.48%～0.73%之间,平均值为0.62%.籼稻品种的平均GABA含量在86.1～186.9 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为133.04 mg·kg-1,变异系数范围为2.33%～19.75%;其平均抗性淀粉含量为0.18%～2.52%,平均值为0.85%.其中滇农S-1/毫梅、功米6号、银光、HIPil和文稻2号/IR36属于高GABA而稳定性较好的品种.滇农S-1/毫梅、65-36/云粳136、功米6号、RS21和滇屯502/双籼稻属于高RS而稳定性较好的品种.不同气候生态条件下参试品种的GABA和RS的变异,籼稻大于粳稻.     

生物样品中氯苯类化合物的提取和测定

以水草和鱼样品为研究对象,采用超声波法提取生物样品中的氯苯类化合物(CBS)并用气相色谱进行定性和定量分析.结果表明:用超声波提取生物样品中CBS的最佳提取溶剂为正己烷,功率为25W,提取时间为20 min.植物和动物样品中CBS的提取方法稍有不同.在最佳提取条件下,鱼样中的平均加标回收率为75.2%～91.6%,水草中的平均加标回收率为88.2%～94.3%.另外,要根据污染物的检出限,确定生物样品中污染物提取的浓缩倍数.结论:用超声波法提取生物样品中的CBs的方法是可行的.     

Characteristic and correlation analysis of influent and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants in Taihu Basin

Poor biodegradability and insufficient carbon source are discovered from influent. Influent indices presented positively normal distribution or skewed distribution. Average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin was as high as 0.458 kWh/m³. Energy consumption increases with the increase in influent volume and COD reduction. The total energy consumption decreases with the NH₃-N reduction. The water quality and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Taihu Basin were evaluated on the basis of the operation data from 204 municipal WWTPs in the basin by using various statistical methods. The influent ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total nitrogen (TN) of WWTPs in Taihu Basin showed normal distribution, whereas chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), suspended solid (SS), and total phosphorus (TP) showed positively skewed distribution. The influent BOD₅/COD was 0.4%–0.6%, only 39.2% SS/BOD₅ exceeded the standard by 36.3%, the average BOD₅/TN was 3.82, and the probability of influent BOD₅/TP>20 was 82.8%. The average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin in 2017 was 0.458 kWh/m³. The specific energy consumption of WWTPs with a daily treatment capacity of more than 5 × 10⁴ m³ in Taihu Basin was stable at 0.33 kWh/m³. A power function relationship was observed between the reduction in COD and NH₃-N and the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction, and the higher the pollutant reduction is, the lower the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction presents. In addition, a linear relationship existed between the energy consumption of WWTPs and the specific energy consumption of influent volume and pollutant reduction. Therefore, upgrading and operation with less energy consumption of WWTPs is imperative and the suggestions for Taihu WWTPs based on stringent discharge standard are proposed in detail.