Divergent effects of climate change on the egg-laying opportunity of species in cold and warm regions

Climate warming can substantially impact embryonic development and juvenile growth in oviparous species. Estimating the overall impacts of climate warming on oviparous reproduction is difficult because egg-laying events happen throughout the reproductive season. Successful egg laying requires the completion of embryonic development as well as hatching timing conducive to offspring survival and energy accumulation. We propose a new metric—egg-laying opportunity (EO)—to estimate the annual hours during which a clutch of freshly laid eggs yields surviving offspring that store sufficient energy for overwintering. We estimated the EO within the distribution of a model species, Sceloporus undulatus, under recent climate condition and a climate-warming scenario by combining microclimate data, developmental functions, and biophysical models. We predicted that EO will decline as the climate warms at 74.8% of 11,407 sites. Decreasing hatching success and offspring energy accounted for more lost EO hours (72.6% and 72.9%) than the occurrence of offspring heat stress (59.9%). Nesting deeper (at a depth of 12 cm) may be a more effective behavioral adjustment for retaining EO than using shadier (50% shade) nests because the former fully mitigated the decline of EO under the considered warming scenario at more sites (66.1%) than the latter (28.3%). We advocate for the use of EO in predicting the impacts of climate warming on oviparous animals because it encapsulates the integrative impacts of climate warming on all stages of reproductive life history.     

Electro-conductive crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube nanofiltration membrane for electro-enhanced removal of bisphenol A

● A crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube NF membrane was fabricated. ● Electro-assistance enhanced the removal rate of the NF membrane for bisphenol A. ● Intermittent voltage-assistance can achieve nearly 100% removal of bisphenol A. ● Membrane adsorption–electro-oxidation process is feasible for micropollutant removal. Nanofiltration (NF) has attracted increasing attention for wastewater treatment and potable water purification. However, the high-efficiency removal of micropollutants by NF membranes is a critical challenge. Owing to the adsorption and subsequent diffusion, some weakly charged or uncharged micropollutants, such as bisphenol A (BPA), can pass through NF membranes, resulting in low removal rates. Herein, an effective strategy is proposed to enhance the BPA removal efficiency of a crosslinked polyaniline/carbon nanotube NF membrane by coupling the membrane with electro-assistance. The membrane exhibited a 31.9% removal rate for 5 mg/L BPA with a permeance of 6.8 L/(m²·h·bar), while the removal rate was significantly improved to 98.1% after applying a voltage of 2.0 V to the membrane. Furthermore, when BPA coexisted with humic acid, the membrane maintained 94% removal of total organic carbon and nearly 100% removal of BPA at 2.0 V over the entire filtration period. Compared to continuous voltage applied to the membrane, an intermittent voltage (2.0 V for 0.5 h with an interval of 3.5 h) could achieve comparable BPA removal efficiency, because of the combined effect of membrane adsorption and subsequent electrochemical oxidation. Density functional theory calculations and BPA oxidation process analyses suggested that BPA was adsorbed by two main interactions: π–π and hydrogen-bond interactions. The adsorbed BPA was further electro-degraded into small organic acids or mineralized to CO₂ and H₂O. This work demonstrates that NF membranes coupled with electro-assistance are feasible for improving the removal of weakly charged or uncharged micropollutants.     

用正交试验法确定生物脱氮系统的主要影响因素

生物脱氮系统是国外七十年代兴起的废水处理新工艺,多见于城市生活污水脱氮,并已逐步应用于大型生产装置。一般均以悬浮污泥法为主。根据化工、化纤废水毒性大,水质不稳定,易造成冲击等特点,本试验选用维纶软性纤维作填料的生物膜法装置。用该系统处理废水,影响去碳、脱氮效果的因素很多。但膜法不像悬浮污泥法,至今尚未形成计算模式,需通过大量试验,才能选定最佳工艺条件,通常采用孤立变量法,可是这种方法费时过多,且各参数之间相互的影响仍不清楚。为此,决定采用正交试验法来探讨膜法脱氮系统的主要影响因素,在应用正交设计时,只要因素和水平选择得当,就可用较少的试验次数,在较短的时间内,得到较明确的结论。     

一株红假单胞菌对偶氮染料的脱色研究

一株球形红假单胞菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides YB)缺氧情况下对数种偶氮染料的24 h脱色率达到90％以上。结构相对简单的偶氮染料较容易脱色。研究了外加碳源、温度和pH值等环境因素对该菌生长以及脱色活性的影响,得出最优脱色条件为:光照缺氧、蛋白胨作碳源、温度35～40℃、pH=7-8。     

高碘酸钾氧化中性红测定间苯二酚

在酸性和75℃条件下,微量的间苯二酚对高碘酸钾氧化中性红褪色反应具有显著的抑制作用,据此建立了测定间苯二酚的新的动力学光度法。该方法灵敏、快速、操作简便,此法的线性范围为0．1～3．0μg／mL,检出限为0．082μg／mL,对1．0μg／mL的间苯二酚测定11次的相对标准偏差为2．26％。     

活性MgO-粉煤灰固化黄土剪切特性试验研究

黄土固化处理是解决黄土地区建筑地基变形与沉降问题的有效途径。选取活性MgO、粉煤灰和水泥3种不同类型固化剂,通过开展不固结不排水直接剪切试验,研究固化剂掺量、类型和养护龄期等因素对黄土剪切性能的影响。结果表明:活性MgO可显著提高黄土抗剪强度;随着活性MgO掺量和养护龄期增加,固化黄土黏聚力和内摩擦角先增加后减小,在6%掺量和14 d养护龄期附近达到峰值;粉煤灰掺入可有效改善活性MgO固化黄土抗剪性能,尤其对黏聚力提高效果明显,随着养护龄期和固化剂掺量增加,固化土抗剪强度不断增大;水泥固化黄土抗剪强度随水泥掺量和养护龄期呈现类似增长规律。活性MgO-粉煤灰等3种材料可提高固化黄土抗剪强度,MgO-粉煤灰效果最优,单掺活性MgO次之,二者均优于水泥。     

《大气污染防治法(修订草案)》第四十五条正当性审视

第十二届全国人大常委会第十二次会议初次审议了国务院提请审议的《大气污染防治法(修订草案)》,修订草案第四十五条拟授权省、自治区和直辖市人民政府可以采取机动车限行措施,其正当性引起社会的激烈讨论。机动车限行涉及公民所有权的限制,授权的合法性与正当性应受到公法上法律保留原则和比例原则的审查。草案第四十五条未区分高排放与低排放机动车、常态限制与临时限制,模糊地授权地方立法,不符合法律创设的目的性及必要性要求,第四十五条必须进一步明确授权范围。     

污染地下水原位治理技术--透水性反应墙法

20世纪90年代初期在美国和加拿大兴起的原位被动修复技术--透水性反应墙,是一种地下水污染原位处理方法.其通过在垂直于地下水流动方向设置活性渗滤墙,当地下水流通过活性渗滤墙时,污染物与墙体材料发生化学反应,从而达到环境修复的目的.该技术具有原理简单,施工方便,能持续原位处理,处理组分多,且运行费用低廉等特点,能有效吸附和降解多种重金属和有机污染物.该方法目前在欧美已开始进入广泛的工程应用阶段,正逐步取代运行成本昂贵的抽水处理技术,成为地下水修复技术的发展方向.系统介绍了透水性反应墙法,阐述了反应墙的类型、活性材料的选取、反应机理、反应墙的构建以及应用实例,同时分析了其存在问题并展望其今后的研究方向.     

染料结晶紫降解菌分离及其特性研究

从印染废水中筛选分离得到结晶紫(CV)降解菌株H,并对其脱色条件和机理进行了研究.结果表明,在外加生长基质条件下,菌株H不仅对CV降解脱色而且能降解中间产物.在pH 7.0、35℃、摇床转速180 r/min条件下,菌株H有最佳的脱色效果.对于20 mg/L CV溶液,生长细胞降解0.5 h,脱色率可达95%.休眠细胞对CV的降解规律也进行了对比探讨.菌株H对CV脱色过程遵循一级动力学方程,脱色速率常数k随CV浓度升高而降低,生长细胞的k值约为休眠细胞的6～7倍.     

应用物种敏感分布法建立铅的生态安全土壤环境基准研究

由于日益严重的人类活动干扰,土壤重金属铅(Pb)污染严重.开展Pb生态安全的土壤环境基准研究,合理制定铅的生态基准值,对更好地预防与控制土壤Pb生态风险,加强土壤Pb污染的环境管理具有重要意义.本研究通过调研国内外Pb的陆生生态毒性研究,筛选并构建重金属Pb的有效毒性数据库(10%效应浓度(EC10 )或无观察效应浓度...