Life cycle greenhouse gases,energy and cost assessment of automobiles using magnesium from Chinese Pidgeon process

Magnesium (Mg) has a great potential to reduce vehicle weight, fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. The Chinese Mg industry has developed rapidly since the 1990s. The output of Mg reached 700,000 tons in 2006, accounting for more than 70% of global Mg production. Most of Mg is produced in China through the Pidgeon process that has an intensive energy usage and generates a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which may offset the potential advantage of using Mg parts in automobiles. It is critical to quantify the energy usage and GHG emissions through entire life cycle when the Mg are applied to automobiles. It is also essential to evaluate cost implications of the Mg parts application in automobiles and ensure it to be cost competitive. The objectives of this study are (1) Build a life cycle inventory (LCI) of Mg produced by Pidgeon process; (2) Establish an LCA model that can evaluate GHG emissions and energy usage for the Mg automotive application; (3) Estimate the cost implications of the Mg parts application in automobiles.An Mg LCI was built based on interviews and surveys and the GREET model was adapt for this study. The results indicated that, for each kilogram of Mg produced by Pidgeon process, GHG emissions and energy usage would be 27 kg CO₂eq and 280 MJ, which are five times higher than steel production. Replacing steel with 82 kg Mg on a base automobile would lower curb weight by 5.7%, but only reduce life cycle GHG emissions and energy usage by 0.8% and 1.3%. Scenario analyses indicated that potential reduction of life cycle GHG emissions and energy usage could reach to 15%, if secondary weight saving and a smaller engine were included. Cost analyses also show 18% reduction when the additional weight saving and a smaller displacement engine were included, under a 100,000 km driving distance and gasoline price at $1.0/l.     

The potential risk assessment for different arsenic species in the aquatic environment

The different toxicity characteristics of arsenic species result in discrepant ecological risk.The predicted no-effect concentrations(PNECs) 43.65, 250.18, and 2.00 × 103μg/L were calculated for As(III), As(V), and dimethylarsinic acid in aqueous phase, respectively. With these PNECs, the ecological risk from arsenic species in Pearl River Delta in China and Kwabrafo stream in Ghana was evaluated. It was found that the risk from As(III) and As(V)in the samples from Pearl River Delta was low, while much high in Kwabrafo stream. This study implies that ecological risk of arsenic should be evaluated basing on its species.     

关于做好齐齐哈尔市环境保护信访工作的几点体会

本文论述了齐齐哈尔市环保信访工作的特点,阐述了做好环境信访工作的体会。     

Treatability of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated soils of different textures along a vertical profile by mechanical soil aeration: A laboratory test

Mechanical soil aeration is a simple, effective, and low-cost soil remediation technology that is suitable for sites contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons(VCHs). Conventionally, this technique is used to treat the mixed soil of a site without considering the diversity and treatability of different soils within the site. A laboratory test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical soil aeration for remediating soils of different textures(silty,clayey, and sandy soils) along a vertical profile at an abandoned chloro-alkali chemical site in China. The collected soils were artificially contaminated with chloroform(TCM) and trichloroethylene(TCE). Mechanical soil aeration was effective for remediating VCHs(removal efficiency 98%). The volatilization process was described by an exponential kinetic function.In the early stage of treatment(0–7 hr), rapid contaminant volatilization followed a pseudofirst order kinetic model. VCH concentrations decreased to low levels and showed a tailing phenomenon with very slow contaminant release after 8 hr. Compared with silty and sandy soils, clayey soil has high organic-matter content, a large specific surface area, a high clay fraction, and a complex pore structure. These characteristics substantially influenced the removal process, making it less efficient, more time consuming, and consequently more expensive. Our findings provide a potential basis for optimizing soil remediation strategy in a cost-effective manner.     

处理环氧氯丙烷废水工程实践

采用调节-中和-沉淀-稀释的预处理,好氧水解-接触氧化生物法处理环氧氯丙烷高含盐生产废水,实际调试运行情况表明,稀释后控制生化池Cl-浓度4~6g/L,环氧氯丙烷废水处理能够达到出水COD≤300mg/L、PH 6~9、SS≤200mg/L的排放标准。     

高效自流式家庭生活污水净化槽的研究

介绍一种高效自流式家庭生活污水处理净化槽,使用平推流二段厌氧和全混流好氧一体化技术,减少厌氧区的返混,提高抗冲击性能,同时还使用具有固液分离作用和生物膜吸附作用、生物降解作用的滤床技术,进一步提高过程的抗冲击能力和生物降解能力,使出水水质提高。净化槽各区之间液体依靠静压差形成自流,能耗低。实验表明,滤床填料挂膜后的启动十分便利,冲厕污水在各区中具有较好的去除效果,出水CODCr<60mg/L,去除率>86.9%;BOD5<20mg/L,去除率>97.4%;浊度去除率>97.7%。     

中国下一个绿色十年

<正>一年多以前,胡锦涛主席在纽约向世界郑重承诺,中国将在2020年之前将二氧化碳排放强度降低40%～45%。此外,第十七届五中全会将包容性增长作为未来经济发展主旋律,促进经济平衡发展,使更多的人能够享受到中国经济发展带来的好处。包容性增长的提出对于中国西部地区的发展至关重要。在西部大开发的过程中,能否找到一种既可以提高当地人民生活水平,又能够有力保护自然资源的办法对于中国而     

活性污泥一号模型参数影响的分析研究

自从国际水质污染与控制协会（IAWQ）推出的活性污泥数学模型ASM系列以来,活性污泥工艺中的动力学过程得到了更精确的描述。通过对活性污泥一号模型（ASM1）的诸多参数文献值进行了分析研究,从中筛选出对模拟结果影响较大的部分,并做出灵敏度分析,为模拟研究和污水处理实际控制提供帮助。研究发现pH、Ks、bH、KH、Kx和YH对于出水中有机物影响较大,bH、YH、bA、μA、K0A、KNH和YA对氮组分的影响较大;bH和YH对硝酸盐氮降解影响较大。     

表征苏南城镇环境经济协调发展的指标体系

文章以环境经济协调发展为出发点，建立了表征苏南城镇环境经济协调发展的指标体系，它主要由４个部分组成：人口、资源、环境和经济指标体系、它的提出考虑了ＰＲＥＥ系统的变化发展规律，指标数据的科学性、可获得性，可操作性，简洁性及效率，均等和可持续性等基本原则。最后，就指标体系的应用作了探讨。     

土壤中胡敏酸提取方法的优化

以国际腐殖质协会(IHSS)推荐的胡敏酸提取方法为基础,以去有机质土壤中添加胡敏酸所配制的土壤为研究对象,引入超声作为胡敏酸提取的辅助条件,采用批次试验优化了土壤中胡敏酸的提取方法。结果表明,基于胡敏酸提取回收率和精密度,在室温下获得的优化提取方法为:液土比为8:1、提取次数为3次、Na OH溶液浓度为0.05 mol/L、超声功率为120 W、超声时间为30 min;在此优化条件下,胡敏酸的回收率为94.73%±1.50%,显著大于IHSS推荐方法的回收率64.76%±0.28%,变异系数CV为1.59%、小于10%。相对于IHSS提取法,此优化提取法具有胡敏酸提取回收率高、资源节约、胡敏酸变性小、提取时间短等优点。