Distribution of alkylphenols in the Pearl River Delta and adjacent northern South China Sea, China

The occurrence of alkylphenols (APs) was investigated in surface water and sediments from the Pearl River Delta and adjacent northern South China Sea. Most of the water samples contained detectable amounts of APs, ranging up to 0.628 microg l(-1) for nonylphenol (NP) and 0.068 microg l(-1) for octylphenol (OP). APs were found in all of the sediment samples with concentrations ranging from 59 to 7808 microg kg(-1) for NP and from 1 to 93 microg kg(-1) for OP. The Zhujiang River showed the highest concentrations of APs in both water and sediments. Significant decrease of APs concentrations going from the Zhujiang River to the Shiziyang River was observed. The Xijiang River contained concentrations of APs slightly higher in water but relatively lower in sediments than the Lingding Bay, which might be attributed to their different hydrodynamic and sedimentary characteristics. There was a decreasing trend of APs in water from the rivers to the estuary and further to the sea on the whole. In the Lingding Bay and its outer waters, concentrations of APs in sediments increased to a maximum and then decrease seaward, which was consistent with the distribution trend of the sediment organic carbon contents. Linear regression analyses showed the concentrations of APs were markedly correlated with the sediment organic carbon contents, indicating that the sediment organic carbon is an important factor controlling the levels of APs in sediments.     

SGA对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化性能研究

根据EPA1311、HJ／T299—2007、HJ／T300—2007和HJ557—2009等国内外不同标准,研究了深圳某垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾焚烧飞灰的浸出毒性,探讨了六硫代胍基甲酸（sixthioguanidineacid,SGA）、二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸盐（sodiumdimethyldithiocarbamate,SDD）和Ca（OH）2浓度对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固定性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着浸提液pH的降低,该厂焚烧飞灰中大部分金属元素的浸出量增大,焚烧飞灰浸出液中的cd、Ni、Ph和zn浓度分别超过国家危险废物鉴别标准（GB5085．3—2007）规定值的4．75倍、1．47倍、6．72倍和2．20倍,属于危险废弃物,必须进行稳定化处理。当固化剂SGA加入量为0．1mol／kg时,稳定化后的重金属浸出浓度已经低于危险废物鉴别标准,且对Cd、Cr、Cu和Pb的固化性能优于SDD和Ca（OH）2;当固化剂SGA、SDD和Ca（OH）2加入量为0．5mol／kg时,稳定化后的焚烧飞灰重金属浸出浓度均低于国家危险废物鉴别标准（GB5085．3-2007）中的规定值。与SDD和Ca（OH）：相比,SGA对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化处理更具有优势。     

不同混凝剂处理松花江低温水

东北松花江地区冬季有将近6个月的冰封期,低温季节水源水处理难度大。为了保证东北地区冬季饮用水供应,研究几种混凝剂在处理冬季松花江低温水时的混凝效果。实验结果表明,NPAC1和NPAC2水解产物中具有较高的Alb和Alc成分,拥有较高的电中和、吸附和网捕卷扫性能,高效聚铝铁(PAF)水解产物Fe(OH)3具有比表面积大、吸附架桥作用较强的优点。这3种混凝剂无论是在控制出水浊度还是在对水体有机物去除能力方面均优于目前水厂所使用的PAC和聚合氯化铝铁(水厂PAF);NPAC2的投加量达到50 mg/L时,出水浊度达到最优;当混凝剂投加量达到50 mg/L时,NPAC1的浊度去除率逐渐超过NPAC2,剩余浊度低于3.0 NTU;NPAC1、NPAC2和PAF 3种混凝剂对有机物的去除能力大致相当,当混凝剂投加量为50 mg/L时,这3种混凝剂处理后的水的UV254的值均低于0.06,而水厂使用的2种混凝剂处理后的水的UV254仍高于0.1;结合其对浊度去除的情况,可以判断55 mg/L的投药量为NPAC1的最优投药点,PAF的最佳投药量为65 mg/L;投加适量的粉末活性碳可以有效地提高氨氮的去除率,当粉末活性炭的投加量为30 mg/L时,氨氮的去除率基本达到最大(51.27%)。表面负荷对混凝效果具有重要的影响,合理降低沉淀池的表面负荷对于提高出水水质具有重要作用。     

无污泥持留序批式预处理反应器渗滤液预处理的正交试验研究

以黑石子垃圾填埋场渗滤液强化预处理-生物接触氧化为依托,针对其处理效果的局限性,研究无污泥持留序批式预处理(WSIP)反应器正交试验,旨在优化运行参数,提高低温期间渗滤液处理效果.实验表明,COD、NH 4-N、TN去除率较高,出水可生化性较好;优化碳氮质量比,为后续好氧微生物降解创造条件;曝气时间、HRT、进水磷浓度、序批周期对NH 4-N、TN去除效果影响显著;低温期间,获得较好出水水质的最佳运行参数为曝气时间9h、HRT4d、进水磷质量浓度50mg/L、序批周期6h.     

Occurrence, sources, and inventory of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in soils from Chongming Island, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD)

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) is a concern due to their large usage combining with physico-chemical properties and toxicity to wildlife and human. However, very limited data were reported on HBCDs in soils, especially from rural area. In this study, 22 soil samples were collected from Chongming Island at estuary of the Yangtze River Delta, to investigate the level, diasteroisomer profile, potential sources, and mass inventory of HBCDs. The total concentrations ranged from not detected to 93.8 pg g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) with a mean of 23.3 pg g⁻¹ dw, which was at the low end of the global levels. The wide distribution of HBCDs in soils suggested that the local emissions of HBCD-containing materials and/or the inputs via atmospheric transport from other regions were two possible sources. Variation of HBCDs levels was observed in different types of soils. Woodland, tideland and road soils contained slightly higher HBCDs than those of farmland and grassland. Overall, γ-HBCD was the dominant diasteroisomer in soils, followed by α-HBCD and β-HBCD. Significant but weak correlations were only found between α-HBCD and β-HBCD versus TOC content in soils. Currently, the mass inventory of HBCDs in soils of Chongming Island was 5.3 kg. Based on these data, we gave perspective on human intake of HBCDs via soil ingestion by age. Local resident’s intakes ranged from 15.5 to 97.8 fg kg body weight⁻¹ d⁻¹, in which children are exposed more than adults.     

Size distributions of aerosol and water-soluble ions in Nanjing during a crop residual burning event

To investigate the impact on urban air pollution by crop residual burning outside Nanjing, aerosol concentration, pollution gas concentration, mass concentration, and water-soluble ion size distribution were observed during one event of November 4-9, 2010. Results show that the size distribution of aerosol concentration is bimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 60-70 and 200-300 nm, respectively. Aerosol concentration is 10⁴ cm^-3. nm^-1 on pollution days. The peak value of spectrum distribution of aerosol concentration on pollution days is 1.5-3.3 times higher than that on a normal day. Crop residual burning has a great impact on the concentration of fine particles. Diurnal variation of aerosol concentration is trimodal on pollution days and normal days, with peak values at 03:00, 09:00 and 19:00 local standard time. The first peak is impacted by meteorological elements, while the second and third peaks are due to human activities, such as rush hour traffic. Crop residual burning has the greatest impact on SO₂ concentration, followed by NO₂, O₃ is hardly affected. The impact of crop residual burning on fine particles (< 2.1 μm) is larger than on coarse particles (> 2.1 μm), thus ion concentration in fine particles is higher than that in coarse particles. Crop residual burning leads to similar increase in all ion components, thus it has a small impact on the water-soluble ions order. Crop residual burning has a strong impact on the size distribution of K⁺, Cl^-, Na⁺, and F^- and has a weak impact on the size distributions of NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-.     

平凉市道路噪声监测结果分析

本文通过对平凉市2008～2012年道路交通噪声进行统计、分析,并针对道路噪声控制提出解决措施。     

微型生物在水质监测中的作用和意义

水污染仍是中国水环境面临的突出问题.生物监测是常用水质监测的有效方法之一,它是利用水生生物在污染环境下所发生的信息来判断水体污染状况的一种手段.而微型生物群落是水生态系统中一个完整的生态单元,具有对胁迫反应敏感以及胁迫过后自身恢复迅速等特性,在水质监测中起着重要的作用.水生微型生物主要包括藻类、原生动物、细菌、真菌、轮虫等.本文阐述它们在水生生态系统中具有的各自地位、作用和微型生物监测水质成为生物监测的重要手段的原因.     

利用标准化法评价污染源

大连石化公司运用标准化法对该厂污染源进行了普查,进而对污染源做出了评价。以二蒸馏装置为例,对总排放口污染源的监测数据进行了标化处理,确定了主要的污染因子及污染源:石油类主要来自减压塔顶分离器;硫化物主要来自减压塔顶油、水分离器和常压塔顶油、水分离器;挥发酚主要来自减压塔顶油、水分离器。     

中国环境基准研究重点方向探讨

环境基准是环境标准的科学依据,在国家环境质量评价和风险管理体系中处于基础地位。它主要是依据特定对象在环境介质中的暴露数据,以及与环境要素的剂量效应关系数据,通过科学判断得出的,涉及环境化学、毒理学、生态学、流行病学、生物学和风险评估等前沿学科领域。国家环境基准研究是一个长期的系统工程,本文基于环境基准研究的学科特点和国际前沿,结合国家科技需求和相关领域的研究现状,综合分析并提出了未来中国环境基准研究的重点研究方向:1)环境基准的理论与方法学;2)环境基准基础数据库;3)基准目标污染物的筛选甄别和优先排序技术;4)水体营养物基准;5)生物测试与毒性评价技术;6)人体暴露评价理论与相关技术;7)环境基准的审核和校对;8)环境基准与标准转化理论及其对环境管理支撑技术。本文从环境基准学科发展的角度,阐述了与环境基准研究紧密相关的8个重点研究方面的国内外研究进展、关键科学问题以及未来重点研究内容。同时指出,这些重要的研究方向是环境基准研究的根本,未来环境基准的长期战略发展必将是建立在各个重要方向长足发展的基础之上,环境基准研究也必带动这些方向的共同蓬勃发展,为环境地球化学、毒理学、生态学等学科领域发展注入活力。