加拿大制浆造纸废水厌氧处理的进展

1960～980年间,加拿大用于清除制浆造纸工业污染的经费约达6.6亿美元。采取这些措施后,到1980年加拿大72％的制浆造纸厂达到了国家控制废水BOD排放的规定。进一步改进达标状况的措施之一是对许多新制浆厂的高浓度废水采用厌氧处理技术。但需首先要了解制浆造纸工业在采用厌氧技术以前,在几方面的数据(表1)。 1.制浆造纸废水的适应性、生化可降解性及毒性     

内布拉斯加州第四记冰碛年龄

<正> 北美第四纪沉积物曾有过一段漫长而有趣的历史。内布拉斯加州的第四纪沉积物是很重要的,因为许多经济活动都依赖于这些堆积物上发育的土壤和从沉积物中汲出的水,建筑材料也采自这些沉积物。从某种意义上说,几乎所有从事陆地上工作的人都是第四纪研究者,农民注意各种土类的差异和散布于内布拉斯加东部冰川作用区周围的奇特“外来石”景观,打井工人都熟悉这些沉积地层和埋藏在古河道中呈“脉状”     

指导环保事业发展的纲领性文件

在"十一五"即将起步之时,在全面建设小康社会的关键时期,国务院发布了<关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定>(以下简称<决定>),这是深入贯彻十六届五中全会精神,落实科学发展观,构建社会主义和谐社会,指导我国经济、社会与环境协调发展的一份纲领性文件.深入学习贯彻<决定>,对于广泛调动全社会力量,加快推进环保事业发展,实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标将产生巨大的推动作用.     

联合起来共创更加舒适的职安条件

现在全球的职业种类正在改变,这些改变在职业安全健康(劳动保护)方面给我们提出了新的挑战。这些挑战要求我们找出新的解决方法,这一切都是因为全球经济一体化发展促使我们拥有共同的利益和需求。我们的解决方案必须充分考虑差别甚     

Estimating the Recreational-Use Value for Hiking in Bellenden Ker National Park, Australia

The recreational-use value of hiking in the Bellenden Ker National Park, Australia has been estimated using a zonal travel cost model. Multiple destination visitors have been accounted for by converting visitors’ own ordinal ranking of the various sites visited to numerical weights, using an expected-value approach. The value of hiking and camping in this national park was found to be $AUS 250,825 per year, or $AUS 144,45 per visitor per year, which is similar to findings from other studies valuing recreational benefits. The management of the park can use these estimates when considering the introduction of a system of user pays fees. In addition, they might be important when decisions need to be made about the allocation of resources for maintenance or upgrade of tracks and facilities.     

A multi-objective optimisation approach to water management

The management of river basins is complex especially when decisions about environmental flows are considered in addition to those concerning urban and agricultural water demand. The solution to these complex decision problems requires the use of mathematical techniques that are formulated to take into account conflicting objectives. Many optimization models exist for water management systems but there is a knowledge gap in linking bio-economic objectives with the optimum use of all water resources under conflicting demands. The efficient operation and management of a network of nodes comprising storages, canals, river reaches and irrigation districts under environmental flow constraints is challenging. Minimization of risks associated with agricultural production requires accounting for uncertainty involved with climate, environmental policy and markets. Markets and economic criteria determine what crops farmers would like to grow with subsequent effect on water resources and the environment. Due to conflicts between multiple goal requirements and the competing water demands of different sectors, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework was developed to analyze production targets under physical, biological, economic and environmental constraints. This approach is described by analyzing the conflicts that may arise between profitability, variable costs of production and pumping of groundwater for a hypothetical irrigation area.     

Sustainable pattern analysis of a publicly owned Material Recovery Facility in a fast-growing urban setting under uncertainty

Sustainable development goals are achievable through the installation of Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in certain solid waste management systems, especially those in rapidly expanding multi-district urban areas. MRFs are a cost-effective alternative when curbside recycling does not demonstrate long-term success. Previous capacity planning uses mixed integer programming optimization for the urban center of the city of San Antonio, Texas to establish that a publicly owned material recovery facility is preferable to a privatized facility. As a companion study, this analysis demonstrates that a MRF alleviates economic, political, and social pressures facing solid waste management under uncertainty. It explores the impact of uncertainty in decision alternatives in an urban environmental system. From this unique angle, waste generation, incidence of recyclables in the waste stream, routing distances, recycling participation, and other planning components are taken as intervals to expand upon previous deterministic integer-programming models. The information incorporated into the optimization objectives includes economic impacts for recycling income and cost components in waste management. The constraint set consists of mass balance, capacity limitation, recycling limitation, scale economy, conditionality, and relevant screening restrictions. Due to the fragmented data set, a grey integer programming modeling approach quantifies the consequences of inexact information as it propagates through the final solutions in the optimization process. The grey algorithm screens optimal shipping patterns and an ideal MRF location and capacity. Two case settings compare MRF selection policies where optimal solutions exemplify the value of grey programming in the context of integrated solid waste management.     

Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in Barcelona City metropolitan area and Catalan rural areas

Five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and three isomeric xylenes) were monitored in indoor and outdoor air of 7 public buildings and 54 private homes, located in Barcelona City metropolitan area and in several rural areas of Catalonia. The sampling was carried out over four periods: spring-summer and winter of 2000, and summer and winter of 2001. Passive ORSA 5 Dra¨ger samplers were used for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) adsorption. BTX were extracted with carbon disulphide and analysed using ...     

Improved speciation of dissolved organic nitrogen in natural waters: amide hydrolysis with fluorescence derivatization

The objective of this study was to improve primary-amine nitrogen (1°-N) quantification in dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from natural waters where inorganic forms of N, which may cause analytical interference, are commonly encountered. Efforts were targeted at elucidating organic-N structural criteria influencing the response of organic amines to known colorimetric and fluorescent reagents and exploring the use of divalent metal-assisted amide hydrolysis in combination with fluorescence analyse...