煤气化废水的生物除氮

对于经活性碳生物流化床处理去除有机物后的煤气化废水,采用硝化-反硝化处理系统和反硝化-硝化处理系统,进行了生物除氮试验研究。试验结果表明,必须添加甲醇作为反硝化处理过程的外来碳源,甲醇与NO_3~--N的最小投加比应为2.7:1。在适当的处理条件下,当进水NH_3-N为500毫克/升时,NH_3-N去除率可达98％,出水NH_3-N、NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N分别小于10、1和5毫克/升。     

斐济的地震危险性

<正> 1 地震危险性评定历史对地震,斐济人有一个专门术语,叫做“une une”,这意味着斐济的居民们长久以来就认识到该群岛是地震活动区。斐济的第一张地震图是1913年安装在首都苏瓦的米尔恩地震仪记录的。从那时起,地震记录基本上是连续的(Singh,1985)。斐济最早的地震危险性评定是由Houtz(1961)进行的,他将斐济作为一个单一的均匀活动区,直到1965～1969年间拉蒙特地质观象台在该国建立第一个由3个台站组成的台网,才开始确定地震带(Sykes等,1969;Draunidalo和Hamburger,1984)。     

美国的地震危险性

<正> 1 地震危险性评定历史早期地震建筑规范的技术要求是根据Algermieecn(1969)的初步工作——总结本国最大历史烈度,而Cornell(1968)的工作则是确立了对点源的概率地震危险性分析演绎法。该方法要求定义震源,震级分布和衰减函数,然后对所有可能的地震震级和距离进行积分来计算地震危险性。Merz和Cornell(1973),McGuire(1976,1978),Der Kiureghian和Aug(1977)将该方法推广到能包括非指数震级分布和断层源的研究。美国地质调查局也采纳了该演绎法,并将其应用到全国范围(Algermissen和Rerhins,1976),同时合并震源和最大震级的输入范围。McGuire(1974,1977)采用谱参数(而不是峰值运动参数)第一个示范了地震危险性方法。该方法以TAC—3(1987)模型建筑规范格式应用于全国。     

约旦的地震危险性

<正> 1 地震危险性评定历史约旦位于阿拉伯板块,它与长达1000km的死海地震活动带相邻,死海裂谷带为左旋走滑断层系。死海裂谷带为左旋滑动板块边界,起自亚喀巴湾东北,沿死海—约旦裂谷进入黎巴嫩中部直到叙利亚西北。过去曾发生过大地震(图1),图2表示1903～1983年仪器震中分布,1983～1992年由约旦地震台(JSO)记录到的地震如图3所示。自1983年以来,约旦建立了由26个地震台组成的台网,1990年又建了一个强震台网。1990年约旦出版了一部建筑规范,其中有一章为抗震设计规范。     

前苏联的地震危险性

<正> 1 地震危险性评定历史Gorshkov(1937)所汇编的前苏联大陆最早的地震区划图.是世界上最早的这类图之一。这是最早的地震危险性预测图,因为它标识出了潜在地震危险地区:不仅已知历史地震的地区,而且还根据较早地震地区推断“地质相似区”。1957、1968和1978年的正式建筑规范采用了一些成功的地震区划图。许多年以来,苏联领土的所有地震区划工作均是在E.F.Savarenskiy,S.L.Solviev和M.A.Sadovskiy指导下,地震与地震工程部门委员会指挥和协调下进行的。该机构出版了一部有关震源、方法、结果和参考文献方面的完整的说明书(ICSEE,1980)。Bune等(1974)和Reisner(1985)阐述了影响地震区划实践的思想史。通过对地震危险性预测结果与10年或20年后观测的进行比较,使得地震区划的定性控制理论得到了发展(Mokrushina和Shebalin,1982,1991)。分析了各个地区和整个区域的预报错误、     

厄瓜多尔的地震危险性

<正> 1 地震危险性评定历史在厄瓜多尔460年的历史上,地震扮演了一个很重要的角色,大约有8万人在地震灾害中丧生,其中包括1797年的Riobamba地震中死亡的4万人和1868年Ibarra地震中死亡的2.5万余人。在20世纪前,全国的总人口还不到100万,由此可知,地震死亡人数比例之大。随着仪器地震学的问世,本世纪在厄瓜多尔的俯冲带至少监测到六个Ms>7.5级的地震。其中最大的一次是1906年的震级Ms=8.8地震(Kanamori,McNally,1982),最近的一次大地震(1987年3月5日,Ms=6.9)发生在安第斯山脉的东部,这次地震严重地影响了厄瓜多尔唯一的输油管线,使其关闭六个月之久。由于整个国家收入的60％靠原油出口,为此这次破坏性地震对厄瓜多尔的经济产生了严重的副作用。尽管地震灾害的历史悠久,但直到本世     

Speciation of arsenic in plants by HPLC-HG-AFS: extraction optimisation on CRM materials and application to cultivated samples

A recently developed method for the determination of arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonate, MMAA, and dimethylarsinate, DMAA) has been applied to the study of arsenic speciation in plants. This method uses ion-exchange liquid chromatography coupled on-line to atomic fluorescence spectrometry through continuous hydride generation. Various extraction procedures have been studied in detail using three plant certified reference materials. None of the procedures tested revealed fully satisfying results with all kinds of plant samples; microwave assisted extraction with 0.3 mol dm-3 orthophosphoric acid was found to be the most convenient for dealing with terrestrial plants. Species stability appears good. This method was applied to real world cultivated plant parts. Arsenate appears to predominate in soils, roots and leaves; unidentified species (probably arsenosugars) play an important role (60%) in rice fruits. Carrot was found to be the most contaminated edible plant part, containing 1 mg kg-1 essentially as arsenate species. MMAA was detected in all soils and some plant parts especially shallots at low levels, whereas DMAA was found only in one soil sample and in hot pepper leaves. Arsenite is a minor component of all soils; it is also present in some plant parts at low levels. However, no evident relationships were found between As speciation in the various plant parts and much more detailed studies will be necessary to elucidate As behaviour in plants.     

Renewable energies in electricity generation for reduction of greenhouse gases in Mexico 2025

This study presents 4 scenarios relating to the environmental futures of electricity generation in Mexico up to the year 2025. The first scenario emphasizes the use of oil products, particularly fuel oil, and represents the historic path of Mexico's energy policy. The second scenario prioritizes the use of natural gas, reflecting the energy consumption pattern that arose in the mid-1990s as a result of reforms in the energy sector. In the third scenario, the high participation of renewable sources of energy is considered feasible from a technical and economic point of view. The fourth scenario takes into account the present- and medium-term use of natural-gas technologies that the energy reform has produced, but after 2007 a high and feasible participation of renewable sources of energy is considered. The 4 scenarios are evaluated up to the year 2025 in terms of greenhouse gases (GHG) and acid rain precursor gases (ARPG).     

Cypress tree (Cupressus semervirens L.) bark as an indicator for heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere of Amman City,Jordan

Bio-monitoring of air quality in Amman City was investigated by analyzing 36 cypress tree (Cupressus semervirens L.) bark samples from three sites of different anthropogenic activities at the end of summer season 2001. Cypress barks were found to be a good bio-indicator for air pollution in arid regions. Variation in Pb, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cd, and Cu contents between sites was observed due to different types of activities. Traffic emissions were found to be the main source of heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere of Amman. Lead content was found to be the highest in highly traffic density areas. The industrial part of the city was characterized by high Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Co contents. No significance variations were found in pH values of the bark between the sites. This was attributed to buffering effect of carbonate in the atmosphere originated from soil of the area.     

Enantiomer ratios,patterns and levels of toxaphene congeners in human milk from Germany

High resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) coupled to quadrupole negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to investigate congener patterns, levels and enantiomer distribution of selected toxaphene congeners (#26, #41, #44, #50, #63, B7-1453) in human milk from Germany. #50 and #26 were the most abundant congeners. Furthermore, the identification of B7-1453, B8-1412, #41, #42, #44 and #63 was possible. Levels for the sum of #26, #41, #44 and #50 ranged from 7 to 24 microg kg(-1) milk fat and contributed between 2 and 9% to the total burden of investigated organochlorines such as selected compounds of the chlordane group, HCH, DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Capillaries coated with heptakis-(2,3,6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TBDMS-CD) or octakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-ethyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin (TEG-CD) were used for the enantioselective separations. Enantiomer ratios (ER) and enantiomer fractions (EF) of the abundant toxaphene congeners #26 and #50 as well as of B7-1453, #41 and #63 were determined. Greatest deviations from a racemic composition in individual human milk samples were found for #41 (1.54-2.37), #50 (1.37-1.72) and #63 (0.53-0.71) whereas ERs for #26 were close to 1. Compared to wildlife biota such as fish and raptors ER changes were more pronounced in human milk but comparable to human adipose tissue.