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151.
Using the Yellow River, China, the study explores the problem of the use of COD and BOD5 as water quality management parameters in the presence of very high levels of suspended sediment (TSS) that characterize
this river. Although the amount of natural organic matter per unit of suspended sediment of the Yellow River is not high,
the very high concentration of mineral sediment in the Yellow River results in a large concentration of organic matter, which
artificially inflates the laboratory values of COD and, as a consequent, leads to greatly exaggerated reports of pollution
of the Yellow River. BOD5 can more accurately reflect the pollution of the Yellow River than COD; however, measured values of BOD under-report the
actual values due to settling of the sediment in the incubation chamber resulting in values that are 21.6--38.3% less than
the actual values. Therefore corrections are required for laboratory COD and BOD values so that the values are not artifacts
of the sediment regime. Our work provides new insight into this phenomenon and demonstrates how correction factors may be
determined and used with pollution data. Our work also suggests that the actual pollution levels of the Yellow River are probably
not as high as reported by monitoring agencies. 相似文献
152.
Yiran Gerald A. B. Stringer Lindsay C. Attua Emmanuel M. Evans Andrew J. Challinor Andy J. Gyasi Edwin A. 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(3):665-676
Regional Environmental Change - The interior savannah ecosystem in Ghana is subjected to a number of hazards, including droughts, windstorms, high temperatures and heavy rainfall. The frequency and... 相似文献
153.
Adaptation in a multi-stressor environment: perceptions and responses to climatic and economic risks by coffee growers in Mesoamerica 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Hallie Eakin Catherine M. Tucker Edwin Castellanos Rafael Diaz-Porras Juan F. Barrera Helda Morales 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2014,16(1):123-139
While climate change adaptation policy has tended to focus on planned adaptation interventions, in many vulnerable communities, adaptation will consist of autonomous, “unplanned” actions by individuals who are responding to multiple simultaneous sources of change. Their actions are likely not only to affect their own future vulnerability, but, through changes in livelihoods and resource use, the vulnerability of their community and resource base. In this paper, we document the autonomous changes to livelihood strategies adopted by smallholder coffee farmers in four Mesoamerican countries (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Costa Rica). Our aim is to gain insight into the process of autonomous adaptation by proxy: through an assessment of how farmers explain their choices in relation to distinct stressors; and an understanding of the set of choices available to farmers. We find that climatic stress is a feature in decision making, but not the dominant driver. Nevertheless, the farmers in our sample are evidently flexible, adaptive, and experimental in relation to changing circumstances. Whether their autonomous responses to diverse stressors will result in a reduction in risk over time may well depend on the extent to which policy, agricultural research, and rural investments build on the inherent logic of these strategies. 相似文献
154.
Edwin L. Meyer Jr. Thomas N. Braverman 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):116-124
ABSTRACT New National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) were promulgated for fine particulate matter (FPM) in July 1997. This paper summarizes likely timing for implementing programs to meet these standards, which have a bearing on future modeling/analysis needs. The paper notes technical requirements implied by the nature of the NAAQS, as well as feedback the agency has received concerning modeling/analysis through Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) subcommittee work groups. Conclusions and recommendations drawn from recently completed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)- sponsored workshops on modeling and other source attribution techniques are also described. Efforts to respond to needs implied by the NAAQS and feedback are noted by outlining major topics and issues that future guidance on use of modeling and other analyses used for attainment demonstrations will need to address. The paper concludes by highlighting several as yet unmet modeling/analysis needs to support a well-founded strategy for meeting air quality goals for FPM. These are suggested as potential areas for policy-relevant research. 相似文献
155.
156.
Chuanyong Jing Xiaoguang Meng Edwin Calvache Guibin Jiang 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(8-9):2514-2519
A nanocrystalline TiO2-based adsorbent was evaluated for the simultaneous removal of As(V), As(III), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in contaminated groundwater. Batch experimental results show that As adsorption followed pseudo-second order rate kinetics. The competitive adsorption was described with the charge distribution multi-site surface complexation model (CD-MUSIC). The groundwater containing an average of 329 μg L?1 As(III), 246 μg L?1 As(V), 151 μg L?1 MMA, and 202 μg L?1 DMA was continuously passed through a TiO2 filter at an empty bed contact time of 6 min for 4 months. Approximately 11 000, 14 000, and 9900 bed volumes of water had been treated before the As(III), As(V), and MMA concentration in the effluent increased to 10 μg L?1. However, very little DMA was removed. The EXAFS results demonstrate the existence of a bidentate binuclear As(V) surface complex on spent adsorbent, indicating the oxidation of adsorbed As(III). 相似文献
157.
James E. Davis Edwin R. Stevens Donald C. Staiff Larry C. Butler 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1983,3(1):23-28
Applicators applying diazinon to yards were monitored to determine potential exposures received while using this commonly available pesticide around the home. Diazinon was applied to lawns and shrubs using compressed air or hose-end sprayers. Even with minimal clothing, the largest mean exposure received during any of the applications was estimated to be less than 0.2% of a lethal dose per hour. Exposure to the hands accounted for 85% or more of the total exposure, so simply protecting the hands would have essentially eliminated exposure. 相似文献
158.
Two different soil amendment processes were evaluated for reducing lead availability from a contaminated soil at a demonstration
study site, to reduce potential public health and environmental concerns. A limited variety of in vitro laboratory “availability” tests (relative bioaccessible and environmental mobility) were performed to determine if the available
lead in the contaminated soil would be less available after in situ soil amendment (chemical treatment). The relative bioaccessibility results were evaluated in both a short-term period (within
24 h after treatment) and over a long-term time period (quarterly basis for 5 years).
Reduction in relative bioaccessibility was noted for one of the treatments immediately after treatment; however, both treatments
indicated a significant upward trend in bioaccessibility values over a 5-year time period after treatment. The comparison
between the treated units and the control units indicated that the long-term effectiveness of the treatment processes could
not be demonstrated. 相似文献
159.
Dr. Elizabeth J. T. Winsor B. St. John Brown Edwin R. Luther Stephen A. Heifetz J. Philip Welch 《黑龙江环境通报》1987,7(7):485-489
A pregnancy was terminated because of persistently elevated amniotic fluid AFP (+10 S.D.) and an AChE band of low intensity on gel electrophoresis. No fetal anomalies were detected by ultrasonographic examination. Autopsy revealed an apparently normal fetus of about 20 weeks gestation. Attached to the placenta was a small sac containing a fetus papyraceus co-twin of about 8–9 weeks gestation. The small deceased co-twin and its gestational sac were not detected prenatally despite multiple ultrasonographic examinations. The difficulty in the interpretation of apparently conflicting results is emphasized. 相似文献
160.
Nitrogen inputs promote the spread of an invasive marsh grass. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Anna Christina Tyler John G Lambrinos Edwin D Grosholz 《Ecological applications》2007,17(7):1886-1898
Excess nutrient loading and large-scale invasion by nonnatives are two of the most pervasive and damaging threats to the biotic and economic integrity of our estuaries. Individually, these are potent forces, but it is important to consider their interactive impacts as well. In this study we investigated the potential limitation of a nonnative intertidal grass, Spartina alterniflora, by nitrogen (N) in estuaries of the western United States. Nitrogen fertilization experiments were conducted in three mud-flat habitats invaded by S. alterniflora in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA, that differed in sediment N. We carried out parallel experiments in San Francisco Bay, California, USA, in three habitats invaded by hybrid Spartina (S. alterniflora x S. foliosa), in previously unvegetated mud flat, and in native S. foliosa or Salicornia virginica marshes. We found similar aboveground biomass and growth rates between habitats and estuaries, but end-of-season belowground biomass was nearly five times greater in San Francisco Bay than in Willapa Bay. In Willapa Bay, aboveground biomass was significantly correlated with sediment N content. Addition of N significantly increased aboveground biomass, stem density, and the rate of spread into uninvaded habitat (as new stems per day) in virtually all habitats in both estuaries. Belowground biomass increased in Willapa Bay only, suggesting that belowground biomass is not N limited in San Francisco Bay due to species differences, N availability, or a latitudinal difference in the response of Spartina to N additions. The relative impact of added N was greater in Willapa Bay, the estuary with lower N inputs from the watershed, than in San Francisco Bay, a highly eutrophic estuary. Nitrogen fertilization also altered the competitive interaction between hybrid Spartina and Salicornia virginica in San Francisco Bay by increasing the density and biomass of the invader and decreasing the density of the native. There was no significant effect of N on the native, Spartina foliosa. Our results indicate that excess N loading to these ecosystems enhances the vulnerability of intertidal habitats to rapid invasion by nonnative Spartina sp. 相似文献